Table 4 Associated factors of OOPE
Performed Test | Variable | Groups Tested | Mean (SD) OOPE [USD] | Median (IQR) OOPE [USD] | Test Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mann-Whitney U Statistics | Employment status | Employed (n1 = 295) | 13.64 (12.63) | 14.17 (1.13–19.84) | U = 92,939.5 (|z| =0.263) |
Housewives (not engage in any income-generating activities) (n2 = 1094) | 17.02 (22.16) | 14.46 (1.42–23.96) | |||
Kruskal-Wallis H Test | Employment sector | Government (n1 = 112) | 12.61 (11.61) | 13.61 (0.85–18.71) | x2=4.266 (p = 0.234) |
Semi-government (n2 = 15) | 10.09 (7.37) | 8.5 (5.67–16.44) | |||
Private (n3 = 79) | 17.20 (13.94) | 17.01 (3.4–24.66) | |||
Other (n4 = 86) | 12.56 (13.08) | 11.34 (0.91–17.38) | |||
Ethnicity | Sinhalese (n1 = 1184) | 16.32 (21.18) | 14.17 (1.13–22.68) | x2=1.926 (p = 0.588) | |
Tamil (n2 = 6) | 12.57 (9.21) | 17.01 (9.50–20.98) | |||
Moor (n3 = 124) | 13.73 (13.49) | 12.47 (0.85–20.98) | |||
Religion | Buddhist (n1 = 1172) | 16.37 (21.24) | 14.17 (1.13–22.68) | x2=1.944 (p = 0.584) | |
Catholic/Christian (n2 = 18) | 9.30 (7.50) | 12.76 (1.98–14.17) | |||
Hindu (n3 = 4) | 17.86 (1.20) | 17.86 (17.01–18.71) | |||
Islam (n4 = 126) | 13.73 (13.49) | 12.47 (0.85–20.98) | |||
Education level | Less than primary education (n1 = 10) | 30.62 (48.49) | 9.78 (1.00–60.24) | x2=3.157 (p = 0.532) | |
Between grade 5 to 11(n3 = 116) | 17.45 (13.40) | 17.01 (4.12–22.96) | |||
Up to ordinary level (n4 = 641) | 16.28 (21.84) | 14.17 (1.13–23.39) | |||
Up to advanced level (n5 = 544) | 15.23 (19.49) | 14.17 (1.13–20.41) | |||
Period of Amenorrhea (at the time of recruitment) | < 6 weeks (n1 = 174) | 14.85 (14.01) | 14.17 (1.13–19.84) | x2=1.000 (p = 0.910) | |
6–8 weeks (n2 = 484) | 17.10 (24.15) | 14.6 (1.13–21.54) | |||
8–10 weeks (n3 = 372) | 16.89 (22.42) | 14.74 (1.56–25.23) | |||
10–12 weeks (n4 = 173) | 13.41 (13.28) | 12.62 (1.13–19.84) | |||
> 12 weeks (n5 = 135) | 15.05 (16.25) | 14.17 (1.13–20.41) | |||
Spearman Rank Correlation | Number of pregnancies* | rs = −0.155 (p = 0.000) | |||
Age of the mother | rs = 0.028 (p = 0.378) | ||||
Mother’s monthly income level | rs = 0.012 (p = 0.861) | ||||
Monthly household income | rs = −0.002 (p = 0.942) | ||||
Monthly household expenditure* | rs = 0.095 (p = 0.002) | ||||