Table 2 Characteristics of papers identified during the literature search
Reference (year) country | Indicator(s) | Denominator | Numerator | Coverage estimate | Data quality approach |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agyepong et al. (1999) Ghana | BCG, Measles, DTP3 & OPV3 vaccination | From health department | Reports from district health department | Took the coverage reported by the local health department | No reports on data quality assessment or adjustment |
Assegaai et al. (2018) South Africa | ANC attendance, Measles vaccination, vitamin A, contraceptive coverage | Census projections (Population aged < 1 year, 1–5 years & 15–49 years, respectively | Count of individuals who received the service | Divided adjusted numerator by denominator | Adjusted for missing reports and outliers |
Audureau et al. (2013) 15 African countries) | Anti-retro viral drugs for PMTCT | Number of women attending ANC multiplied by HIV seroprevalence at each site | Number of women receiving ART at each site | Divided numerator by denominator | No reports on data quality checks or adjustment |
Bhatnagar et al. (2016) India | DTP3 vaccination | Used a combination of subnational routine coverage reports together with available coverage estimates from surveys to estimate national level immunization coverage | Sum of weighted state immunization coverage | The goal was to estimate national level immunization coverage using the WUENIC method, assessed and made several assumptions on missing data and outliers | |
Borgdorff and Walker (1988) Zimbabwe | Measles vaccination & ANC attendance | Census projections: crude birth rate, number of children under 12 months of age | Number of immunizations administered, number of ANC attendance | Divided numerators by denominators | No reports on data quality checks, missing reports or adjustments |
Delvaux et al. (2011) Cambodia | HIV & Syphilis testing among pregnant women, ANC, facility deliveries, family planning | Census projection: crude birth rate, women of reproductive age | Number of pregnant women tested for HIV & Syphilis, number of pregnant women attending at least one ANC visit | Divided numerator by denominator | Reported checking for data quality but no reports on handling quality challenges, missingness, outliers, etc. |
Dunkle et al. (2014) Nigeria | DTP3 vaccination | Census projections: reported number of live births | Doses of DTP3 and Measles administered | Divided numerator by denominator | Assessed for incomplete reporting, outliers, inconsistencies, but did not do anything to address the identified challenges in the analysis |
Haddad et al. (2010) Burkina Faso | DTP3 & Measles vaccination | Census projection | Number of children 0–11 who received the antigen | Divided numerator by denominator | Discussed the limitations and data quality issues but did not do anything to address the identified challenges in the analysis |
Jeffery et al. (2018) Madagasca & Benin | Polio vaccination & Vitamin A | Census projection: coverage from previous campaign | Number of children (6–11 months and 12–59 months) who received Polio vaccine and Vitamin A supplement, respectively | Combined coverage from routine and survey data using a hybrid estimator | The hybrid estimator is a weighted average of the reported coverage from routine and survey data, the hybrid estimator produces standard errors and 95 % confidence intervals |
Lacapere et al. (2011) Haiti | Measles, Rubella, Polio vaccination & Vitamin A | Census projections | Number of people who received the vaccine or supplement | Divided numerator by denominator | Assessed for data quality during implementation of the campaign not at the analytical stage |
Maina et al. (2017) Kenya | Pentavalent vaccine, ANC visit, health facility delivery, C-section | Census projections, surveys, coverage of related indicators | Reported number of people who received the intervention of interest | Divided adjusted numerators by the different denominators | Did extensive data quality assessment and adjusted for the various quality issues |
Mensah et al. (2019) Madagascar | Measles vaccination | Census projections | Number of doses administered | Divided numerator by denominator | No reports on data quality assessment or adjustment |
Nanyunja et al. (2003) Uganda | Measles vaccination | Census projections | Number of doses administered | Divided numerator by denominator | Assessed for incomplete reporting but did not adjust that in coverage estimate |
Saito et al. (2018) 7 East and Southern African countries | Pediatric HIV treatment | Estimated number of children living with HIV (from survey) | Number of HIV positive children on ART (from routine data) | Divided numerator by denominator | Assessed and adjusted for missing routine data |
Vivancos & Martinez (2008) Uganda | DTP1 & DTP3 vaccination | Census projections | Number of doses administered | Divided numerator by denominator | Did not report data quality assessment or adjustment |
Wandera et al. (2018) Kenya | Rotavirus vaccination | Census projections | Number of children immunized | Divided numerator by denominator | Did not report data quality assessment or adjustment |
Wandera et al. (2017) Kenya | Rotavirus vaccination | Census projections | Number of children immunized | Divided numerator by denominator | Did not report data quality assessment or adjustment |
Zuber et al. (2003) Burkina Faso | Census projections: used coverage from previous campaigns and adjust using census information | Number of doses administered | Divided numerator by denominator | Did not report data quality assessment or adjustment | |