Critical comparative analysis of data sources toward understanding referral during pregnancy and childbirth: three perspectives from Nigeria

Table 3 Characterisation of cases referred during the intrapartum period, NDHS 2018

	Among referred cases
	n = 208
	%	95%CI
Facility of origin
Government hospital	21.9	15.8–29.5
Government lower-level facility	58.4	50.6–65.9
All private sector	19.7	14.0–27.0
Facility type where woman gave birth
Government hospital	50.4	41.6–59.1
Government lower-level facility	9.4	6.1–14.4
All private sector	40.2	31.9–49.1
Means of transport
Ambulance	3.4	1.1–10.1
Private car/taxi	62.8	54.3–10.6
Other motorised transport	30.2	23.0–38.4
Other	3.6	0.7–16.3
Accompanied by a healthcare professional
Yes	24.9	17.8–33.6
	Among referred cases		Among non-referred facility-based births
	*n = 208*		*13,254*
	%	95%CI	%	95%CI
Birth by caesarean section	50.4	41.4–59.4	6.2	5.5–7.0	p < 0.001
Early neonatal death	5.4	3.1–9.3	3.8	3.3–4.4	p = 0.217

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