Table 5 Regression analysis of relationships between the outcomes and demographic, socioeconomic, health behavior, and operational factors among patients with type 2 diabetes ^a

Demographic and socio-economic factors

Age

0.01

−0.24

−0.00

−0.13

0.23

−0.19

0.06

Sex

Female (reference)

1

1

1

1

Male

−0.26

−10.61

0.08*

5.53*

5.64

1.06

1.64

Education

Some years of schooling

1

1

1

High school diploma

0.46

−6.13

−0.01

4.11

4.78

−3.07

− 0.50

University education

0.42

8.19

0

6.50

1.86

−3.24

−1.66

Diabetes stages

Dependent on medication (ref)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Medication and/or insulin-dependent

1.33*

30.67*

−0.03

−2.67

−3.01

−1.83

−0.25

Having no other chronic comorbidity (ref)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Having at least one other chronic comorbidity

−0.23

13.87*

−0.05*

−5.25*

−8.42*

0.37

−1.06

General health behaviours

Physical exercises < 500 Metabolic Equivalents per week

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Physical exercises ≥500 Metabolic Equivalents per week

−0.07

−17.71*

0.02

11.33*

7.23*

−0.04

−1.38

Smoking

Non-smoker

1

1

1

1

Former smoker

0.23

−0.29

− 0.09*

− 0.33

2.35

−0.61

5.31

Current smoker

1.58*

13.14

− 0.05

−4.28

−3.08*

−8.98

−6.04

Diabetes-specific health behaviours

Adherence to treatment (diet, medication, and/or insulin injection)

−0.33*

−10.03*

0.02*

3.64*

3.63*

3.31*

2.81*

Several times per day

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Once per day

1.23

−7.29

0.02

−4.10

−8.58

1.78

5.25

Once per some days

1.46*

16.34

0.03

−7.93

−8.46

4.34

4.34

Once per some weeks

1.12*

9.94

0.02

−4.18

−3.28

3.92

6.10

No use of glucometer

1.2

7.40

0.03

−10.72*

−10.87

3.33

4.20

Diabetes care structures

Only family physician or general practitioner

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Family physician or general practitioner & specialist physician

0.92

12.21

−0.01

−0.23

−8.05

5.59

2.62

Only specialist physician

0.5

3.18

− 0.02

−2.76

−9.03

3.54

3.28

Access to diabetes services

−0.09

−5.40

0.02*

0.64

1.42

5.50*

1.65

Being visited by a same doctor in every visit

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Being visited by new doctor in every visit

0.87*

28.21*

−0.01

−1.00

0.14

0.19

−3.73

Up to date equipment for diabetes care

0.60*

16.18*

−0.02

− 3.45

−2.72

3.18

3.02

Diabetes care processes

Comprehensiveness of medical consultation

−0.51

−4.28

0.01

2.58

1.88

4.83*

1.95

Patient involvement in care decision

0.77*

1.53

0

0.38

−1.62

−2.13

2.27

Consistency of treatment medical plans and advises

−0.2

2.25

0.01

3.14*

1.90

−1.08

1.17

Responsiveness of providers

−0.06

−4.71

0

2.75

3.89

3.96*

3.94*

Timeliness of provider

0.08

7.59

−0.01

−1.45

−0.56

− 1.38

1.53

Caring provider

0.27

−16.67*

0

−1.57

0.28

6.61*

6.59*

Politeness of care provider

−0.15

1.63

0.02

6.59*

0.43

1.00

0.44

Communication between patient and provider

−0.27

4.82

−0.01

−4.90*

−1.01

−2.72

−3.80