Table 2 Comparisons of demographic characteristics, previous health care utilization, and comorbidities between cases and controls

 Sex, female (%)

134

(44.7)

143

(47.7)

0.478

 Age (years), mean (SD)

65

(17.74)

65.1

(18.31)

-

 Age group, n (%)

0.945

  20–49

63

(21.0)

66

(22.0)

  50–64

72

(24.0)

64

(21.3)

  65–74

58

(19.3)

57

(19.0)

  75–84

64

(21.3)

69

(23.0)

  ≥85

43

(14.3)

44

(14.7)

 Marital status, single (%)

79

(26.3)

93

(31.0)

0.338

 Religion, yes (%)

231

(77.0)

246

(82.0)

0.119

 Education, ≤elementary school (%)

127

(43.2)

135

(45.9)

0.507

 Area of residence, urban (%)

240

(80.0)

235

(78.3)

0.671

 No. of outpatient visits, mean (SD)

7.52

(8.17)

235

(5.43)

<0.001

 No. of hospitalizations, mean (SD)

0.98

(1.39)

0.11

(0.47)

<0.001

 No. of emergency visits, mean (SD)

1.98

(2.23)

1.11

(1.17)

<0.001

 No. of diagnoses, mean (SD)

8.55

(6.43)

5.26

(5.15)

<0.001

 Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)

5.24

(5.66)

3.12

(4.76)

<0.001

  Cancer

72

(24.0)

44

(14.7)

0.004

  Moderate to severe renal disease

68

(22.7)

58

(19.3)

0.316

  Diabetes

48

(16.0)

31

(10.3)

0.040

  Diabetes with end organ damage

45

(15.0)

42

(14.0)

0.728

  Chronic pulmonary diseases

38

(12.7)

20

(6.7)

0.013

  Congestive heart failure

22

(7.3)

18

(6.0)

0.513

  Cerebrovascular diseases

21

(7.0)

19

(6.3)

0.743

  Mild liver disease

19

(6.3)

10

(3.3)

0.087

  Peptic ulcer disease

17

(5.7)

19

(6.3)

0.731

  Dementia

15

(5.0)

14

(4.7)

0.849

  Myocardial infarction

12

(4.0)

5

(1.7)

0.085

  Moderate to severe liver disease

10

(3.3)

0

0

0.001

  Connective tissue diseases

8

(2.7)

4

(1.3)

0.243

  Metastatic cancer

8

(2.7)

3

(1.0)

0.128

  Peripheral vascular diseases

7

(2.3)

2

(0.7)

0.176