Table 3 Odds ratio for healthcare use based on timing
Unadjusted odds ratio with 95% CI | Adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|
Physical therapy first | ||
Knee radiograph | 0.13 (0.12, 0.15) | 0.09 (0.06, 0.14) |
Advanced imaging | 0.37 (0.33, 0.41) | 0.31 (0.20, 0.46) |
Opioids | 0.35 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.33 (0.18, 0.59) |
Muscle relaxants | 0.37 (0.29, 0.48) | 0.37 (0.16, 0.76) |
NSAIDs | 0.33 (0.28, 0.38) | 0.30 (0.16, 0.52) |
Other analgesics (acetaminophen, etc.) | 0.38 (0.29, 0.49) | 0.32 (0.13, 0.69) |
Corticosteroid injections | 0.37 (0.30, 0.45) | 0.26 (0.10, 0.55) |
Early physical therapy | ||
Knee radiograph | 0.59 (0.55, 0.65) | 0.48 (0.34, 0.66) |
Advanced imaging | 0.53 (0.49, 0.57) | 0.49 (0.37, 0.65) |
Opioids | 0.68 (0.60, 0.76) | 0.53 (0.37, 0.75) |
Muscle relaxants | 0.80 (0.68, 0.94) | 0.61 (0.39, 0.96) |
NSAIDs | 0.73 (0.66, 0.81) | 0.58 (0.42, 0.81) |
Other analgesics (acetaminophen, etc.) | 0.73 (0.61, 0.87) | 0.52 (0.32, 0.83) |
Corticosteroid injections | 0.68 (0.59, 0.78) | 0.46 (0.29, 0.62) |
Delayed physical therapy | ||
Knee radiograph | 1.68 (1.55, 1.83) | 2.11 (1.53, 2.94) |
Advanced imaging | 1.90 (1.75, 2.05) | 2.03 (1.54, 2.68) |
Opioids | 1.48 (1.32, 1.66) | 1.90 (1.33, 2.70) |
Muscle relaxants | 1.25 (1.07, 1.47) | 1.64 (1.04, 2.58) |
NSAIDs | 1.37 (1.24, 1.51) | 1.73 (1.23, 2.41) |
Other analgesics (acetaminophen, etc.) | 1.36 (1.15, 1.62) | 1.94 (1.21, 3.10) |
Corticosteroid injections | 1.48 (1.29, 1.70) | 2.20 (1.40, 3.46) |
No physical therapy | ||
Knee radiograph | 0.61 (0.59, 0.64) | 0.52 (0.47, 0.61) |
Advanced imaging | 0.55 (0.53, 0.47) | 0.55 (0.48, 0.63) |
Opioids | 0.55 (0.52, 0.59) | 0.55 (0.45, 0.67) |
Muscle relaxants | 0.57 (0.52, 0.62) | 0.52 (0.41, 0.67) |
NSAIDs | 0.53 (0.50, 0.55) | 0.54 (0.45, 0.65) |
Other analgesics (acetaminophen, etc.) | 0.54 (0.49, 0.60) | 0.53 (0.41, 0.69) |
Corticosteroid injections | 0.57 (0.53, 0.62) | 0.56 (0.43, 0.72) |
Exercise therapy | ||
Knee radiograph | 0.37 (0.34, 0.40) | 0.30 (0.22, 0.40) |
Advanced imaging | 0.47 (0.44, 0.51) | 0.48 (0.37, 0.62) |
Opioids | 0.59 (0.53, 0.66) | 0.55 (0.39, 0.78) |
Muscle relaxants | 0.65 (0.56, 0.76) | 0.52 (0.34, 0.82) |
NSAIDs | 0.62 (0.56, 0.68) | 0.58 (0.42, 0.81) |
Other analgesics (acetaminophen, etc.) | 0.62 (0.53, 0.74) | 0.53 (0.34, 0.84) |
Corticosteroid injections | 0.58 (0.51, 0.66) | 0.40 (0.26, 0.61) |
Passive interventions only | ||
Knee radiograph | 0.37 (0.29, 0.47) | 0.42 (0.17, 1.01) |
Advanced imaging | 0.46 (0.37, 0.58) | 0.82 (0.36, 1.87) |
Opioids | 0.69 (0.50, 0.96) | 0.57 (0.21, 1.55) |
Muscle relaxants | 0.69 (0.45, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.32, 3.52) |
NSAIDs | 0.67 (0.50, 0.89) | 0.69 (0.26, 1.81) |
Other analgesics (acetaminophen, etc.) | 0.72 (0.44, 1.18) | 0.56 (0.15, 2.05) |
Corticosteroid injections | 0.35 (0.24, 0.51) | 0.53 (0.12, 2.15) |