Table 1 Self-reported measures assessing mental health and substance use

 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [20]

Depression

9

Past two weeks

Likert, 0 (“Not at all”) to 3 (“Nearly every day”)

PHQ-9 Total Score = sum of all nine items (score range, 0 to 27)

PHQ-8 Total Score = sum of items 1 to 8 (score range, 0 to 24)^a

PHQ-9 Total Score ≥ 10, moderate-to-severe depression symptoms [34]

α = 0.68 (α = 0.86 prior to excluding patients with PHQ-9 Total Score < 10)

 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) – Item 9 [20]

Suicidal Ideation

1

Past two weeks

Likert, 0 (“Not at all”) to 3 (“Nearly every day”)

PHQ-9 Item 9 = sum of one item (score range, 0–3)

PHQ-9 Item 9 ≥ 1, any frequency of suicidal ideation

N/A

 Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) [35]

Anxiety

7

Past two weeks

Likert, 0 (“Not at all”) to 3 (“Nearly every day”)

Total Score = sum of all seven items (score range, 0 to 21)

≥ 10, moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms [35]

α = 0.84

 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) [36]^b

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

17

Past month

Likert, 1 (“Not at All”) to 5 (“Extremely”)

Total Score = sum of all 17 items (score range, 0 to 85)

> 50, clinically significant traumatic stress [37]

α = 0.87

 Drug Abuse Screening Test-10 (DAST-10) [38]^c

Drug Use

10

Past 12 months

Dichotomous, 1 (“Yes”) or 0 (“No”)

Total Score = sum of all 10 items (score range, 0 to 10)

≥ 3, risk for drug abuse or dependence [38]

α = 0.58

 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) [39]^d

Alcohol Consumption

3

None indicated

Likert, 0 (reflects little or no alcohol use) to 4 (reflects high alcohol use)

Total Score = sum of all three items (score range, 1 to 12)

≥ 3 for females and ≥ 4 for males, risk for alcohol abuse or dependence [40]

α = 0.64