Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
Study (Country) | Methods/Study type | Study Settings | Participants | Outcome measure/method of analysis | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bar-Zaccay & Bailey (2018) [14] (UK) | Cross-sectional Survey | Online questionnaire (National level) | UK osteopaths N = 107 M = 51 F = 56 | PABS-PT (BM and BPS scores) Descriptive and inferential statistics | UK osteopaths hold strong BM beliefs about pain, however, with an acceptance of the BPS approach |
Macdonald et al., (2018) [15] (UK) | Cross-sectional Survey | Online questionnaire (National level) | UK osteopaths N = 216 M = 118 F = 98 | PABS-PT HC-PAIRS Descriptive statistics | Osteopaths have skills to engage with psychosocial factors of the patients’ pain experience. However, training is required to increase their expertise in knowledge of chronic pain and its management. |
Abrosimoff & Rajendran (2020) [31](UK) | Semi-structured interviews (individual) | Osteopathic educational institution | UK osteopaths N = 8 M = 4 F = 4 | Constructivist grounded theory | Osteopaths viewed BPS model as essential in navigating a person’s experience of pain, however, the integration of the BPS model into clinical practice is fraught with obstacles. |
Formica et al., (2018) [17] (Italy) | In-depth semi-structured interviews (individual) | Controlled interview setting | Italian osteopaths N = 11 M = 9 F = 2 | Grounded theory | Italian osteopaths displayed a greater orientation towards the biomedical dimension of chronic pain |
Delion & Draper-Rodi (2018) [32] (UK) | Semi-structured interviews (individual) | Teaching centre (university) | UK Final year osteopathic students N = 6 M = 3 F = 2 | Constructivist grounded theory | Osteopathic students assessed for PS factors throughout the case history and tend to rely on instincts. However, barriers exist for managing PS factors when treating patients with NSLBP. |
Draper-Rodi (2016) [33] (UK) | Mixed methods Study | Online e-learning program Educational institution | Quantitative strand N = 45 Qualitative strand N = 9 | PABS ABS-mp Thematic analysis | A 6-week e-learning programme was feasible. The BPS approach was not structural enough. |