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Table 2 Themes and sub-themes in detection and discussion of (subthreshold) depression and anxiety

From: Barriers and facilitators to recognize and discuss depression and anxiety experienced by adults with vision impairment or blindness: a qualitative study

Domain

Theme

Sub-theme

1. Predisposing factors

Coping

• Coping strategies (+, -)

• Internal locus of control (+, -)

• Personality traits (+, -)

2. Environmental factors

Acquired care

• Receive care from low vision service organization while experiencing symptoms (+, -)

• Experiences with low vision service organization (+, -)

Social inclusion

• Stigma related to VI (-)

• Feelings of inequality (-)

3. Awareness related factors

Risk perception

• Impact VI on mental health (+, -)

• Self-assessed severity of symptoms (+, -)

• Need for help (+, -)

Detection

• Recognition of psychological complaints or changes in behavior (+)

• Focus on VI (-)

• Misattribution of symptoms of depression or anxiety (-)

Knowledge

• Knowledge of mental health interventions (-)

• Limited information collection due to VI (-)

4. Motivational factors

Attitude

• Attitude towards discussion (+, -)

• (Dis)advantages of discussion (+, -)

Willingness to discuss

• VI complicates discussion(-)

• Self-confidence on discussion (+, -)

5. Social support system

Informal emotional support

• Recognition and discussion by social support system (+, -)

• Guidance and encouragement from social support system (+, -)

• Indifference and incomprehension impact VI on mental health (-)

Network size

• Number of social contacts (-)

6. Healthcare provider’s role

Focus of healthcare provider

• Focus on practical rehabilitation VI (-)

• Attention impact VI on mental health (+, -)

Formal support

• Referral to healthcare provider with knowledge VI (+)

• Discuss mental health/current symptoms (+, -)

• Help-seeking (+, -)

• Transfer knowledge (-)

Expertise of healthcare provider

• Knowledge healthcare provider (-)

• Skills healthcare provider (-)

• Attitude healthcare provider (-)

• Relationship with adult with VI (+)

  1. VI Visual Impairment
  2. + facilitator, - barrier