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Table 1 Pre-period1 demographic and clinical characteristics (baseline)

From: Evaluating the relationship between clinical and demographic characteristics of insulin-using people with diabetes and their health outcomes: a cluster analysis application

 

Total

T1DM

T2DM

p

 

N

%

N

%

N

%

 

Total Number of People With Diabetes

100,650

100%

11,826

11.7%

88,824

88.3%

–

Subgroup of Existing Insulin Users During the Pre-period

79,053

78.5%

10,975

92.8%

68,078

76.6%

< 0.0001

Characteristics

 Age (n, %)

      

< 0.0001

  18–40

8068

8.0%

4843

41.0%

3225

3.6%

 

  41–60

32,960

32.7%

4713

39.9%

28,247

31.8%

 

   > 60

59,622

59.2%

2270

19.2%

57,352

64.6%

 

 Age (mean, SD)

62.18

14.24

45.26

16.27

64.43

12.30

< 0.0001

 Gender (n, %)

      

0.0003

  Male

51,983

51.6%

6290

53.2%

45,693

51.4%

 

  Female

48,651

48.3%

5532

46.8%

43,119

48.5%

 

  Missing

16

0.0%

4

0.0%

12

0.0%

 

 Business Line (n, %)

      

< 0.0001

  Commercial

43,573

43.3%

9566

80.9%

34,007

38.3%

 

  Medicare advantage

57,077

56.7%

2260

19.1%

54,817

61.7%

 

 Household Income, in US Dollars

  n (%)

100,196

99.5%

11,801

99.8%

88,395

99.5%

 

  Median, Q1 - Q3

$54,143

$43,184 - $69,606

$63,304

$49,195 - $81,547

$53,299

$42,675 - $68,059

< 0.0001

 Medical Claims

  Number of Medical Claims (median, Q1 - Q3)

7.00

4.00–15.00

5.00

3.00–10.00

8.00

4.00–15.00

< 0.0001

  Proportion of Medical Claims 2,3 That are Diabetes Related (mean, SD)

0.54

0.31

0.60

0.33

0.52

0.30

< 0.0001

 Number of HbA1c Tests

  One or More Tests Performed (n, %)

60,668

60.3%

7137

60.4%

53,531

60.3%

0.86

  Mean, SD

0.91

0.93

0.89

0.88

0.91

0.94

0.0007

 Latest HbA1c Value

  n (%)

31,410

31.2%

3417

28.9%

27,993

31.5%

 

  Mean, SD

8.84

1.94

8.38

1.64

8.89

1.96

< 0.0001

 Insulin Administration and Diabetes Technology (n, %)

      

< 0.0001

  CGM with pump

1974

2.0%

1734

14.7%

240

0.3%

 

  CGM with pen

800

0.8%

342

2.9%

458

0.5%

 

  CGM with vial

277

0.3%

200

1.7%

77

0.1%

 

  BGM with pump

2098

2.1%

1516

12.8%

582

0.7%

 

  BGM with pen

23,078

22.9%

2032

17.2%

21,046

23.7%

 

  BGM with vial

8380

8.3%

1078

9.1%

7302

8.2%

 

  No CGM or BGM/pump

2410

2.4%

1236

10.5%

1174

1.3%

 

  No CGM or BGM/pen

44,108

43.8%

2208

18.7%

41,900

47.2%

 

  No CGM or BGM/vial

17,525

17.4%

1480

12.5%

16,045

18.1%

 

 Type of Insulin (n, %)

      

< 0.0001

  N

77,912

77.4%

10,524

89.0%

67,388

75.9%

 

  Basal only

31,917

41.0%

893

8.5%

31,024

46.0%

 

  Bolus only

8949

11.5%

4742

45.1%

4207

6.2%

 

  Both

37,046

47.5%

4889

46.5%

32,157

47.7%

 

 Months on Insulin (mean, SD)

3.99

3.48

4.81

3.26

3.89

3.49

< 0.0001

Clinical Characteristics

 Number of Concordant Comorbidities (mean, SD)

4.20

2.57

0.87

1.17

4.64

2.38

< 0.0001

 Number of Discordant Comorbidities (mean, SD)

1.07

1.11

1.83

1.62

0.97

0.98

< 0.0001

 Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (mean, SD)

1.86

1.60

1.40

1.21

1.92

1.63

< 0.0001

 Diabetes Complication Severity Index (DCSI) (mean, SD)

1.07

1.47

0.58

1.09

1.13

1.50

< 0.0001

  1. Abbreviations: BGM = blood glucose monitoring; CGM = continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; n, N = number of people with diabetes; Q1 = first quartile; Q3 = third quartile; SD = standard deviation; T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; US = United States
  2. 1 Pre-period was defined as 6 months prior to index date
  3. 2 Proportion is set to zero for those members who had zero medical claims overall during the baseline period
  4. 3 Diabetes–related determined by diagnosis in any diagnostic position on a medical claim
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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