Table 5 Association between eye care health service utilization and the occurrence of Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy among patients visiting eye care clinic
Variable | Model 1-Ordered | Model 2-Binary | |
|---|---|---|---|
Ordered Logistic | Poisson | Probit | |
aOR[95%CI] | aPR[95CI] | aβ[95CI] | |
Healthcare utilization | |||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 2.05[1.03-4.08]** | 1.12[0.89-1.41] | 0.25[-0.18-0.68] |
Diabetes type | |||
Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Type 1 diabetes | 0.47[0.14-1.54] | 0.76[0.46-1.26] | -0.36[-1.03-0.29] |
Age | |||
≤29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
30-39 | 2.38[1.35-4.17]** | 1.48[1.20-1.98]** | 0.62[0.17-1.06]** |
40-49 | 3.30[1.57-6.90]** | 1.49[1.08-2.04]** | 0.65[0.13-1.16]* |
50-59 | 4.27[1.73-10.56]** | 1.40[1.00-1.96]* | 0.50[-0.02-1.04] |
60+ | 10.16[4.58-22.52]*** | 1.87[1.37-2.56]*** | 1.25[0.65-1.86]*** |
Educational level | |||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 0.95[0.40-2.26] | 0.87[0.63-1.20] | -0.31[-1.09-0.44] |
Secondary | 0.96[0.44-2.10] | 0.70[0.53-0.92]** | -0.69[-1.39-0.01] |
Tertiary | 2.01[0.97-4.14] | 0.88[0.68-1.14] | -0.22[-0.94-0.49] |
Mode of payment for health services | |||
Out of pocket and NHIS | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
NHIS | 7.35[3.95-13.66]*** | 1.96[1.47-2.60]*** | 1.03[0.67-1.39]*** |
Out of pocket | 2.10[1.07-4.14]* | 1.58[1.11-2.25]** | 0.66[0.06-1.26]* |
Years of diagnosis | |||
1+ years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
< 6 months | 2.23[0.73-6.79] | 1.10[0.72-1.67] | 0.21[-0.54-0.96] |
6 months - 1 year | 2.54[1.49-4.29]*** | 1.17[0.95-1.44] | 0.34[-0.04-0.73] |
Current blood glucose (mmol/L) | |||
7+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Below 5.6 | 4.36[1.39-13.68]** | 1.11[0.77-1.59] | 0.40[-0.30-1.11] |
5.6 - 6.9 | 0.83[0.49-1.41] | 0.98[0.72-1.11] | -0.13[-0.55-0.28] |