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Table 5 The Cost of Bypassing PHC facilities for Maternal Care.

From: Bypassing primary healthcare facilities for maternal healthcare in North West Ghana: socio-economic correlates and financial implications

Cost item

Full sample

By-passers

Non

by-passers

Difference in Means

Mean (bypass)-Mean (non-bypass)

T-test

Mean

GH₵1

95 % CI

GH₵

Mean

GH₵

95 %CI

GH₵

Mean

GH₵

95 %CI

GH₵

Mean

GH₵

95 %CI

GH₵

t

P r (T > t)

ANC

Transportation

12.46

10.06–14.87

24.5

18.50–30.50

9.58

7.05–12.10

14.92

9.01–20.83

4.96

0.0000

Living expenses

7.13

5.42–8.83

11.30

7.37–15.24

6.12

4.23–8.014

5.18

0.88–9.48

2.37

0.0092

Medical expenses

63.39

53.73–73.05

75.51

53.07–97.95

60.48

49.75–71.22

15.030

-9.40–39.45

1.21

0.1135

Other expenses

10.95

8.55–13.35

17.57

10.32–24.81

9.37

6.96–11.77

8.20

2.17–14.23

2.68

0.0039

Total

93.94

80.73-107.15

128.89

95.96–161.81

85.55

71.26–99.83

43.34

10.15–76.53

2.57

0.0053

Observations

372

72

300

    

Delivery

Transportation

22.00

18.33–25.67

30.59

23.87–37.31

17.71

13.41- 22.00

12.88

5.19–20.57

3.29

0.0005

Living expenses

14.66

11.90-17.42

24.49

18.57–30.41

9.75

7.02–12.48

14.74

9.07–20.41

5.11

0.0000

Medical expenses

44.95

35.14–54.75

97.52

73.03–122.00

18.66

12.52–24.80

78.86

59.61–98.10

8.06

0.0000

Other expenses

13.96

10.44–17.47

17.70

11.09–24.31

12.09

7.97–16.21

5.61

-1.83–13.06

1.48

0.07

Total

95.57

81.87 -109.27

170.30

140.64- 199.96

58.20

46.25–70.16

112.09

85.30–138.90

8.22

0.0000

Observations

381

127

254

    

PNC

Transportation

6.41

5.07–7.74

14.83

11.89–17.77

1.15

0.69–1.60

13.68

11.30–16.06

11.30

0.0000

Living expenses

4.13

2.92–5.35

9.82

6.98–12.67

0.59

0.09–1.08

9.24

6.92–11.56

7.83

0.0000

Medical expenses

32.43

23.07–41.79

77.78

55.35 - 100.21

4.11

2.20–6.02

73.67

55.89–91.46

8.15

0.0000

Other expenses

1.64

0.93–2.34

3.49

1.73–5.26

0.48

0.23–0.73

3.02

1.59–4.44

4.17

0.0000

Total

44.61

33.34–55.89

105.93

79.52–132.35

6.32

4.07–8.57

44.61

33.33–55.90

9.35

0.0000

Observations

385

148

237

    
  1. 1Exchange rate of approximately 1US$= GH₵5.68 as at January, 2020