Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of the CKD population at index date (1st January 2015) and according to the presence of type 2 diabetes and CKD stage

 Age, years

76.4 ± 14.1

75.8 ± 14.0

69.8 ± 14.7

74.5 ± 13.9

< 0.001

76.8 ± 14.2

< 0.001

78.1 ± 14.3

< 0.001

79.2 ± 14.5

< 0.001

79.8 ± 14.6

< 0.001

65.1 ± 11.4

< 0.001

76.4 ± 14.3

 Sex, Female, n (%)

11,892 (49.1)

9773 (48.9)

1105 (51.2)

3545 (48.0)

< 0.001

6779 (48.2)

< 0.001

5992 (49.1)

0.072

1680 (47.5)

< 0.001

876 (55.0)

< 0.001

1688 (51.6)

0.773

21,665 (49.0)

 BMI, Kg/m²

28.4 ± 5.2

29.3 ± 5.0

29.3 ± 5.0

29.2 ± 5.0

0.307

28.6 ± 5.2

< 0.001

28.5 ± 5.1

< 0.001

28.1 ± 5.0

< 0.001

27.8 ± 4.9

< 0.001

29.6 ± 5.1

0.007

28.7 ± 5.1

 SBP, mmHg

136.2 ± 20.2

138.3 ± 20.3

135.9 ± 20.1

138.2 ± 20.6

< 0.001

138.3 ± 20.6

0.194

138.6 ± 20.4

0.148

137.5 ± 20.7

0.392

135.2 ± 20.5

0.791

137.8 ± 20.0

0.392

137.1 ± 20.2

 UACR, mg/g

347.4 ± 172.3

391.3 ± 189.4

106.8 ± 49.8

126.9 ± 53.5

< 0.001

250.3 ± 120.1

< 0.001

252.1 ± 120.9

< 0.001

1602.4 ± 782.6

< 0.001

1642.3 ± 769.2

< 0.001

132.7 ± 60.2

< 0.001

362.9 ± 176.8

 UACR A1, n (%)

137 (0.56)

80 (0.4)

0

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

217 (6.6)

–

217 (0.5)

 UACR A2, n (%)

16,493 (68.1)

9772 (48.9)

2159 (100)

7386 (100)

–

8650 (61.5)

< 0.001

7480 (61.3)

< 0.001

432 (12.2)

< 0.001

53 (3.3)

< 0.001

105 (3.2)

< 0.001

26,265 (64.5)

 UACR A3, n (%)

7599 (31.4)

10,133 (50.7)

0

0

–

5415 (38.5)

< 0.001

4723 (38.7)

< 0.001

3105 (87.8)

< 0.001

1539 (96.7)

< 0.001

2950 (90.2)

< 0.001

17,729 (35.0)

 eGFR^a

49.6 ± 11.3

47.5 ± 12.4

93.8 ± 4.7

75.1 ± 5.0

< 0.001

52.2 ± 4.9

< 0.001

37.2 ± 5.0

< 0.001

21.9 ± 4.5

< 0.001

8.7 ± 4.3

< 0.001

–

–

48.7 ± 13.2

 eGFR ≥90^a,n (%)

1324 (5.5)

835 (4.2)

2159 (100)

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

2159 (4.9)

 eGFR 60–89^a, n (%)

4216 (17.4)

3170 (15.9)

0

7386 (100)

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

7386 (16.7)

 eGFR 45–59^a, n (%)

7931 (32.7)

6134 (30.7)

0

0

–

14,065 (100)

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

14,065 (31.8)

 eGFR 30–44^a, n (%)

6572 (27.1)

5631 (28.2)

0

0

–

0

–

12,203 (100)

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

12,203 (27.6)

 eGFR 15–29^a, n (%)

1730 (7.1)

1807 (9.0)

0

0

–

0

–

0

–

3537 (100)

–

0

–

0

–

3537 (8.0)

 eGFR < 15^a, n (%)

644 (2.7)

948 (4.7)

0

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

1592 (100)

–

0

–

1592 (3.6)

 HbA1c. %

6.2 ± 1.2

7.7 ± 2.0

6.4 ± 1.3

6.6 ± 1.4

0.001

6.9 ± 1.6

0.001

6.8 ± 1.5

< 0.001

6.9 ± 1.6

0.001

7.0 ± 1.5

0.001

7.0 ± 1.6

0.389

6.9 ± 1.6

 Creatinine. g/dL

1.3 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.5

0.6 ± 0.3

0.9 ± 0.4

< 0.001

1.1 ± 0.5

< 0.001

1.5 ± 0.8

< 0.001

2.2 ± 0.8

< 0.001

0.6 ± 0.2

0.999

1.0 ± 0.3

< 0.001

1.3 ± 0.6

 Uric acid. g/dL

6.0 ± 2.0

7.1 ± 1.2

6.6 ± 1.5

6.8 ± 1.6

0.041

6.7 ± 1.6

0.001

6.6 ± 1.5

0.999

6.7 ± 1.6

0.284

6.6 ± 1.6

0.999

6.7 ± 1.7

0.229

6.6 ± 1.6

 CKD stage 1

1324 (5.5)

835 (4.2)

2159 (100)

0

< 0.001

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

2159 (4.9)

 CKD stage 2

4216 (17.4)

3170 (15.9)

0

7386 (100)

< 0.001

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

7386 (16.7)

 CKD stage 3a

7931 (32.7)

6134 (30.7)

0

0

–

14,065 (100)

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

14,065 (31.8)

 CKD stage 3b

6572 (27.1)

5631 (28.2)

0

0

–

0

–

12,203 (100)

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

12,203 (27.6)

 CKD stage 4

1730 (7.1)

1807 (9.0)

0

0

–

0

–

0

–

3537 (100)

–

0

–

0

–

3537 (8.0)

 CKD stage 5

644 (2.7)

948 (4.7)

0

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

1592 (100)

–

0

–

1592 (3.6)

 CKD not staged

1812 (7.5)

1460 (7.0)

0

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

0

–

3272 (100)

–

3272 (7.4)

 CKD unspecified

6844 (28.2)

799 (4.0)

319 (14.8)

1079 (14.6)

0.629

2411 (17.1)

< 0.001

2173 (17.8)

0.001

508 (14.4)

0.678

237 (14.9)

0.932

916 (28.0)

< 0.001

7643 (17.3)

 Dialysis

226 (0.9)

430 (3.2)

0

0

0

–

0

0

–

656 (41.2)

–

0

–

656 (1.5)

 CVD

3616 (14.9)

4579 (22.9)

296 (13.7)

1230 (16.7)

< 0.001

2643 (18.8)

< 0.001

2295 (18.8)

< 0.001

597 (16.9)

< 0.001

386 (24.3)

< 0.001

748 (22.9)

< 0.001

8195 (18.5)

 Myocardial infarction

3081 (12.7)

3671 (18.4)

253 (11.7)

916 (12.4)

0.383

2255 (16.0)

< 0.001

1920 (15.7)

< 0.001

575 (16.3)

< 0.001

274 (17.2)

< 0.001

559 (17.1)

< 0.001

6752 (15.3)

 Heart failure

4078 (16.8)

4782 (23.9)

253 (11.7)

998 (13.5)

< 0.001

2768 (19.7)

< 0.001

2601 (21.3)

< 0.001

831 (23.5)

< 0.001

453 (28.4)

< 0.001

956 (29.2)

< 0.001

8860 (20.0)

 Stroke

2136 (8.8)

2492 (12.5)

133 (6.2)

716 (9.7)

< 0.001

1218 (8.7)

< 0.001

1536 (12.6)

< 0.001

398 (11.3)

< 0.001

216 (13.6)

< 0.001

411 (12.6)

< 0.001

4628 (10.5)

 Atrial Fibrillation

3508 (14.5)

3306 (16.5)

253 (11.7)

971 (13.2)

0.067

2374 (16.9)

< 0.001

2000 (16.4)

< 0.001

609 (17.2)

< 0.001

278 (17.5)

< 0.001

329 (10.1)

0.062

6814 (15.4)

 Peripheral artery disease

1003 (4.1)

921 (4.6)

94 (4.4)

295 (4.0)

0.409

481 (3.4)

0.019

653 (5.4)

0.055

171 (4.8)

0.487

81 (5.1)

0.317

149 (4.6)

0.728

1924 (4.4)

 Diabetes

775 (3.2)

19,985 (100)

933 (43.2)

3483 (47.2)

< 0.001

6604 (47.0)

< 0.001

5890 (48.3)

< 0.001

1643 (46.5)

0.015

712 (44.7)

0.360

1495 (45.7)

< 0.001

20,760 (47.0)

 Antihypertensives

17,518 (72.3)

17,346 (86.8)

1625 (75.3)

5628 (76.2)

0.389

10,844 (77.1)

0.065

9737 (79.8)

< 0.001

2975 (84.1)

< 0.001

1345 (84.5)

< 0.001

2849 (87.1)

< 0.001

33,337 (75.4)

  RAAS inhibitors

14,944 (61.7)

16,427 (82.2)

1436 (66.5)

5449 (73.8)

< 0.001

10,267 (73.0)

< 0.001

8490 (69.6)

< 0.001

2530 (71.5)

< 0.001

1156 (72.6)

< 0.001

2043 (62.4)

< 0.001

31,371 (71.0)

  ACEi

7198 (29.7)

6789 (34.0)

711 (32.9)

2539 (34.4)

0.196

4286 (30.5)

< 0.001

3467 (28.4)

< 0.001

1265 (35.8)

0.010

592 (37.2)

< 0.001

1127 (34.4)

0.253

13,987 (31.6)

  ACEi at maximal doses

339 (1.4)

401 (2.0)

88 (4.1)

28 (0.4)

< 0.001

181 (1.3)

< 0.001

475 (3.9)

0.659

30 (0.8)

< 0.001

27 (1.7)

< 0.001

33 (1.0)

< 0.001

740 (1.7)

  ARBs

8509 (35.1)

10,960 (54.8)

874 (40.5)

2953 (40.0)

0.677

6446 (45.8)

< 0.001

5690 (46.6)

< 0.001

1675 (47.4)

< 0.001

684 (43.0)

< 0.001

1147 (35.1)

< 0.001

19,469 (44.0)

  ARBs at maximal doses

465 (1.9)

736 (3.7)

22 (1.0)

0

–

660 (4.7)

< 0.001

393 (3.2)

< 0.001

110 (3.1)

< 0.001

16 (1.0)

0.999

0

–

1201 (2.7)

  Aldosterone antagonists

1471 (6.1)

1469 (7.4)

155 (7.2)

325 (4.4)

< 0.001

858 (6.1)

0.049

1031 (8.4)

0.061

288 (8.1)

0.218

151 (9.5)

< 0.001

132 (4.0)

< 0.001

2940 (6.6)

  Direct renin inhibitors

170 (0.7)

118 (0.6)

8 (0.4)

26 (0.4)

0.999

80 (0.6)

0.252

84 (0.7)

0.111

30 (0.8)

0.068

12 (0.8)

0.108

48 (1.5)

< 0.001

288 (0.7)

  ARNI

1124 (4.6)

2581 (12.9)

202 (9.4)

631 (8.5)

0.192

1374 (9.8)

0.560

914 (7.5)

0.002

231 (6.5)

0.001

143 (9.0)

0.676

210 (6.4)

< 0.001

3705 (8.4)

  Beta blockers

8315 (34.3)

7656 (38.3)

598 (27.7)

2370 (32.1)

< 0.001

5186 (36.9)

< 0.001

4682 (38.4)

< 0.001

1434 (40.5)

< 0.001

685 (43.0)

< 0.001

1016 (31.1)

< 0.001

15,971 (36.1)

  Diuretics

8957 (37.0)

9260 (46.3)

611 (28.3)

2755 (37.3)

< 0.001

5802 (41.3)

< 0.001

5607 (45.9)

< 0.001

1592 (45.0)

< 0.001

785 (49.3)

< 0.001

1065 (32.5)

< 0.001

18,217 (41.2)

  Thiazide diuretics

906 (3.7)

1347 (6.7)

33 (1.5)

420 (5.7)

< 0.001

715 (5.1)

< 0.001

742 (6.1)

< 0.001

174 (4.9)

< 0.001

39 (2.4)

0.045

130 (4.0)

< 0.001

2253 (5.1)

  Loop diuretics

7986 (33.0)

7884 (39.4)

511 (23.7)

2228 (30.2)

< 0.001

5063 (36.0)

< 0.001

4852 (39.8)

< 0.001

1552 (43.9)

< 0.001

724 (45.5)

< 0.001

940 (28.7)

< 0.001

15,870 (35.9)

  Potassium sparing diuretics

1112 (4.6)

2457 (12.3)

110 (5.1)

538 (7.3)

< 0.001

1387 (9.9)

< 0.001

1025 (8.4)

< 0.001

210 (5.9)

0.203

175 (11.0)

< 0.001

124 (3.8)

0.021

3569 (8.1)

  CCB

6280 (25.9)

7913 (39.6)

596 (27.6)

2457 (33.3)

< 0.001

4647 (33.0)

< 0.001

3761 (30.8)

< 0.001

1165 (32.9)

< 0.001

521 (32.7)

< 0.001

1046 (32.0)

< 0.001

14,193 (32.1)

  Dihydropyridines

6300 (26.0)

6803 (34.0)

613 (28.4)

2225 (30.1)

< 0.001

3910 (27.8)

0.563

3716 (30.5)

0.050

1135 (32.1)

< 0.001

490 (30.8)

< 0.001

1014 (31.0)

< 0.001

13,103 (29.6)

  Non-dihydropyridines

1265 (5.2)

397 (2.0)

55 (2.5)

246 (3.3)

0.060

768 (5.5)

< 0.001

210 (1.7)

0.010

198 (5.6)

< 0.001

39 (2.4)

0.845

146 (4.5)

< 0.001

1662 (3.8)

 Antidiabetics

218 (0.9)

16,685 (83.5)

814 (37.7)

2968 (40.2)

< 0.001

4965 (35.3)

< 0.001

4596 (37.7)

0.999

1552 (43.9)

< 0.001

816 (51.3)

< 0.001

1192 (36.4)

0.331

16,903 (38.2)

  Metformin

0

9645 (48.3)

564 (26.1)

1854 (25.1)

0.347

2768 (19.7)

< 0.001

2454 (20.1)

< 0.001

1062 (30.0)

< 0.001

562 (35.3)

< 0.001

381 (11.6)

< 0.001

9645 (21.8)

  Sulfonylurea

0

2260 (11.3)

122 (5.7)

477 (6.5)

0.179

603 (4.3)

0.003

602 (4.9)

0.117

230 (6.5)

0.224

144 (9.0)

< 0.001

82 (2.5)

< 0.001

2260 (5.1)

  DPP4 inhibitors

0

7682 (38.4)

323 (15.0)

1288 (17.4)

< 0.001

2607 (18.5)

< 0.001

2178 (17.8)

< 0.001

556 (15.7)

0.478

298 (18.7)

< 0.001

432 (13.2)

< 0.001

7682 (17.4)

  SGLT-2 inhibitors

0

401 (2.0)

23 (1.1)

44 (0.6)

0.015

82 (0.6)

0.008

57 (0.5)

0.001

135 (3.8)

< 0.001

44 (2.8)

< 0.001

16 (0.5)

0.012

401 (0.9)

  GLP-1 receptor agonists

0

695 (3.5)

47 (2.2)

104 (1.4)

0.001

121 (0.9)

0.001

223 (1.8)

0.205

95 (2.7)

0.242

53 (3.3)

0.039

52 (1.6)

0.107

695 (1.6)

  Metiglinides

0

2992 (15.0)

89 (4.1)

390 (5.3)

< 0.001

1067 (7.6)

< 0.001

955 (7.8)

< 0.001

164 (4.6)

0.373

69 (4.3)

0.762

258 (7.9)

< 0.001

2992 (6.8)

  Glitazones

0

259 (1.3)

17 (0.8)

5 (0.1)

0.114

52 (0.4)

0.010

68 (0.6)

0.279

58 (1.6)

0.010

33 (2.1)

0.001

26 (0.8)

0.999

259 (0.6)

  Acarbose

0

314 (1.6)

48 (2.2)

53 (0.7)

< 0.001

36 (0.3)

< 0.001

75 (0.6)

0.001

65 (1.8)

0.290

35 (2.2)

0.999

2 (0.1)

< 0.001

314 (0.7)

  Insulin

218 (0.9)

4246 (21.2)

155 (7.2)

719 (9.7)

< 0.001

1411 (10.0)

< 0.001

1256 (10.3)

< 0.001

376 (10.6)

< 0.001

213 (13.4)

< 0.001

334 (10.2)

< 0.001

4464 (10.1)

  Statins

11,160 (46.1)

12,798 (64.0)

1140 (52.8)

4014 (54.3)

0.218

7734 (55.0)

< 0.001

6685 (54.8)

0.006

1906 (53.9)

0.419

879 (55.2)

< 0.001

1600 (48.9)

< 0.001

23,958 (54.2)

  Warfarin

2849 (11.8)

3092 (15.5)

189 (8.8)

921 (12.5)

< 0.001

1972 (14.0)

< 0.001

1728 (14.2)

< 0.001

504 (14.2)

< 0.001

205 (12.9)

< 0.001

422 (12.9)

< 0.001

5941 (13.4)

  Low dose aspirin

6045 (25.0)

5499 (27.5)

446 (20.7)

1792 (24.3)

< 0.001

3847 (27.4)

< 0.001

3198 (26.2)

< 0.001

1026 (29.0)

< 0.001

445 (28.0)

< 0.001

790 (24.1)

< 0.001

11,544 (26.1)

  Receptor P2Y12 antagonists

872 (3.6)

1998 (10.0)

110 (5.1)

469 (6.3)

0.039

774 (5.5)

0.446

919 (7.5)

< 0.001

274 (7.7)

< 0.001

171 (10.7)

< 0.001

153 (4.7)

0.502

2870 (6.5)