Table 3 Indicators of need-based financial resource allocation in health systems worldwide

Alberta, Canada [9, 10, 20,21,22]

Age; Sex; Ethnicity; Welfare status

Remoteness; Cross-boundary flows;

Funding loss protection; Cost variations

Belgium [20, 22]

Age; Sex; Disability; Unemployment

Urbanization; Mortality

England [9, 11, 20, 22,23,24,25,26,27]

Age (Sex); Additional Need

Market Forces Factor (staff, land & building costs); Unmet Need; Growth Area Adjustment (rurality, scale economies & case-mix factors)

Finland [20, 22]

Age; Disability

Archipelago; Remoteness; Tax base

France [20, 22]

Age

Phased implementation

Germany [20, 22, 28]

Age; Sex; Invalidity; Morbidity; Sick pay

Income base

Israel [20, 22]

Age

–

Italy [20, 22]

Age; Sex

Mortality; Damping mechanism

Kenya [29, 30]

–

Infrastructure; Under-5 population;

Poverty rate; AIDS cases;

Females of reproductive age (15 to 49);

Area of district (sq. km.)

Malawi [31]

population size;

asset indices

–

Mozambique [8]

population size;

demographic composition;

infant mortality

population density

Namibia [8, 32,33,34]

population size (weighted by the demographic composition);

deprivation index

mortality levels

Netherlands [20, 22, 24, 28]

Age-Sex; Source of Income; Region;

Welfare/Disability status;

Pharmacy Cost Groups;

Diagnosis Cost Groups

Urbanization;

Retrospective Adjustments;

Income base

New South Wales, Australia [9, 20,21,22, 24, 27]

Age; Sex; Health Needs Index (HNI);

Unavoidable Costs; Unmet need;

Indigenous Weight; Homelessness

Teaching and Research; Geographical Adjustment; State-wide Services;

Cross-boundary flows;

Substitution

New Zealand [9, 20,21,22, 24, 27]

Age; Sex; Deprivation (Welfare status);

Ethnicity

Rurality; Unmet Need; Overseas Visitors;

Phased implementation

Northern Ireland [22, 27]

Age; Sex

Mortality; Elderly living alone; Welfare status;

Low birth weight; Rural costs adjustment

Norway [20, 22]

Age; Sex; Marital status

Mortality; Elderly living alone; Tax base

Ontario, Canada [24, 35]

Age; Refined Clinical Group;

Socioeconomic Status; Rurality

Market Share; Unit Costs; Population Growth

Scotland [9, 20, 22, 24, 27, 36]

Age- Sex; Morbidity and Life Circumstances; Unmet Need

Excess Costs (Remoteness/Rural Cost …)

South Africa [11, 30, 32]

population size; deprivation index

–

Spain [20, 22]

–

Cross-boundary flows;

Declining population adjustment

Stockholm, Sweden [9, 11, 20,21,22, 24, 27, 28, 37, 38]

Age;

Cohabitation and marital status;

Housing Tenure;

Educational Level;

Employment Status;

Urbanization;

Costly Diagnosis Groups;

Phased implementation

Switzerland [9, 20]

Age; Sex; Region

Income base

Tanzania [8, 30, 39]

population size (Age/Sex);

under 5 mortality rate;

Rurality

poverty level

Uganda [11, 40]

population (age-sex);

Human Development Index;

per capita donor and NGO spending

security situation

USA [20,21,22]

Age; Sex; Disability; Welfare

status; Previous in-patient

diagnosis; county of residence

–

Wales [20, 22, 27]

Age/Sex;

Standardized mortality ratio;

Additional Need

Extra Costs (Road length, Mean travel

Distance...)

Zambia [8, 31]

population size;

deprivation index

burden of disease

Zimbabwe [8, 31]

population size;

socio-economic status

morbidity and mortality rates;

service coverage