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Table 5 Determinants of perceived affordability among households in catchment areas of Khartoum Teaching Hospital and Ibrahim Malik Hospitals, Khartoum Locality, Sudan, July to December 2015

From: Perceived consequences of healthcare service decentralization on access, affordability and quality of care in Khartoum locality, Sudan

Determinants

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

adjusted

P value

Sex (ref = male)

Female

0.90 (0.55–1.48)

0.69

0.868 (0.514–1.465)

0.595

Catchment area (ref = KTH)

IBMH

0.55 (0.33–0.91)

0.019

0.63 (0.30–1.30)

0.21

Access after decentralization (ref = no)

 

 

Yes

5.47 (3.21–9.31)

0

4.54 (2.12–9.76)

0

Payment for drug (ref < 20 SDG)

20–50 SDG

3.93 (1.90–8.12)

0

  

50–100 SDG

1.23 (0.54–2.82)

0.63

  

more than 100 SDG

7.57 (3.04–18.84)

0

3.64 (1.47–9.04)

0.005

Income group (ref = low)

Medium

0.68 (0.07–6.63)

0.74

1.92 (0.62–5.98)

0.26

High

0.50 (0.03–7.54)

0.62

  

Annual cost (ref < 1000)

1000–4999

  

0.86 (0.47–1.56)

0.61

5000–9999

    

10,000–20,000

    

  > 20,000

    

Type of payment (ref = health insurance)

User fee

1.97 (1.19–3.25)

0.008

1.44 (0.83–2.51)

0.2

IBMH Catchment area

Sex (ref = male)

Female

0.93 (0.59–1.45)

0.75

1.14 (0.61–2.12)

0.68

Catchment area (ref = IBMH)

KTH

0.57 (0.36–0.91)

0.017

0.72 (0.38–1.36)

0.31

Payment for investigation (ref < 20 SDG)

20–50 SDG

1.65 (0.70–3.90)

0.26

2.15 (0.75–6.18)

0.16

50–100 SDG

2.07 (0.82–5.18)

0.12

2.12 (0.72–6.23)

0.17

  > 100 SDG

4.67 (2.07–10.53)

0

5.91 (2.10–16.58)

0.001

Monthly income (ref = low)

   

0.009

Medium

0.87 (0.09–8.48)

0.91

0.37 (0.03–4.72)

0.44

High

3.00 (0.25–36.33)

0.39

2.92 (0.18–46.88)

0.45

Access after decentralization (ref = no)

4.05 (2.52–6.51)

0

3.37 (1.79–6.36(

0

Annual cost (ref < 1000)

1000–4999 SDG

  

1.77 (1.00, 3.13)

0.05

5000–9999 SDG

0.79 (0.08–7.80)

0.84

1.26 (0.11–14.18)

0.85

10,000–20,000 SDG

1.00 (0.10–10.54)

1

1.91 (0.16–23.06)

0.61

  > 20,000 SDG

0.60 (0.05–7.92)

0.7

1.13 (0.08–16.8)

0.93

Type of payment (ref = health insurance)

User fee

1.95 (1.23–3.09)

0.005

1.40 (0.70–2.80)

0.34

Low income group KTH

Sex (ref = male)

Female

0.95 (0.61–1.47)

0.81

0.98 (0.54–1.77)

0.94

Catchment area (ref = KTH)

IBMH

0.47 (0.30–0.73)

0.001

0.67 (0.37–1.22)

0.19

Payment for consultation (ref < 20 SDG)

20–50 SDG

1.88 (0.81–4.36)

0.14

2.56 (0.86–7.57)

0.09

50–100 SDG

1.30 (0.47–3.64)

0.62

2.14 (0.64–7.15)

0.22

  > 100 SDG

4.05 (1.90–8.64)

0

4.54 (1.62–12.77)

0.004

Income group (ref = low)

Medium

1.08 (0.11–10.51)

0.95

0.25 (0.02–3.17)

0.29

High

0.50 (0.03–7.54)

0.62

0.20 (0.008–5.05)

0.33

Access after decentralization (ref. = no)

Yes

4.39 (2.77–6.97)

0

3.36 (1.81–6.25)

0

Annual cost (ref < 1000)

1000–4999

 

0.999

 

0.999

5000–9999

 

0.999

 

0.999

10,000–20,000

 

0.999

 

0.999

  > 20,000

 

0.999

 

0.999

Type of payment (ref = health insurance)

User fee

2.44 (1.56–3.82)

0

1.37 (0.80–2.35)

0.25