Outcomes | All participants | No NCD | One NCD | Two NCDs | Three or more NCDs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 13,798 | N = 5197 | N = 5568 | N = 2006 | N = 1027 | |
Health care utilisation | |||||
 Individual reported outpatient care (%) | 20.80 (20.08–21.55) | 13.31 (12.26–14.39) | 19.96 (18.77–21.14) | 32.12 (29.90–34.34) | 44.83 (41.64–48.02) |
 Frequency of outpatient care | 0.39 (0.37–0.42) | 0.21 (0.19–0.24) | 0.35 (0.32–0.38) | 0.68 (0.61–0.74) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) |
 Individual reported inpatient care (%) | 4.35 (4.01–4.69) | 1.83 (1.46–2.15) | 3.85 (3.32–4.38) | 7.82 (6.63–9.00) | 14.34 (11.93–16.75) |
 Frequency of inpatient care | 0.60 (0.05–0.06) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.05 (0.04–0.05) | 0.11 (0.09–0.13) | 0.24 (0.18–0.30) |
Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) | |||||
 Any OOPE (%) | 15.70 (15.02–16.38) | 10.76 (9.79–11.72) | 15.43 (14.36–16.50) | 22.62 (20.57–24.67) | 30.94 (27.89–33.99) |
 OOPE for outpatient carea | $29.0 (19.7–38.4) | $17.2 (13.9–20.5) | $23.5 (16.6–30.5) | $46.7 (8.5–85.0) | $37.5 (16.5–58.4) |
 OOPE for inpatient careb | $877 (632.9–1121.3) | $774.6 (500.9–1048.2) | $655.6 (406.3–904.9) | $607.7 (324.5–890.9) | $1594.3 (670.4–2518.1) |
 Average four-weekly OOPE c | $38.7 (29.7–47.6) | $23.1 (18.2–28.0) | $29.8 (22.7–36.8) | $51.1 (17.4–84.8) | $69.3 (40.3–98.4) |