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Table 3 Univariate logistic regression model for impact on caregivers, stratified by caregiving intensity level

From: The impacts of caregiving intensity on informal caregivers in Malaysia: findings from a national survey

Factor

Low intensity level of care

High intensity level of care

Affect health

Affect daily activitiesd

Affect social activities

Affect health

Affect daily activitiesd

Affect social activities

Crude OR

(95% CI)

p-value

Crude OR (95% CI)

p-value

Crude OR (95% CI)

p-value

Crude OR

(95% CI)

p-value

Crude OR (95% CI)

p-value

Crude OR (95% CI)

p-value

Demographic, socioeconomic and health

 Sex

  Male

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  Female

4.28 (1.61–11.38)

0.004

2.20 (1.08–4.51)

0.031

2.25 (0.95–5.32)

0.065

2.49 (0.86–7.20)

0.092

1.15 (0.51–2.61)

0.733

1.76 (0.71–4.41)

0.224

 Ethnicity

  Malaya

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  Non-Malay

1.48 (0.64–3.38)

0.356

3.12 (1.45–6.72)

0.004

1.65 (0.73–3.75)

0.232

0.71 (0.28–1.78)

0.461

1.47 (0.61–3.57)

0.391

2.30 (0.85–6.21)

0.100

 Age (years)

  18–34

0.73 (0.18–3.01)

0.661

0.33 (0.08–1.26)

0.103

0.63 (0.20–1.94)

0.418

0.43 (0.13–1.47)

0.177

1.98 (0.63–6.17)

0.241

1.19 (0.37–3.84)

0.772

  35–59

1.59 (0.64–3.97)

0.320

0.63 (0.19–2.01)

0.430

1.00 (0.40–2.48)

1.000

0.31 (0.12–0.80)

0.015

1.23 (0.52–2.89)

0.634

0.65 (0.26–1.65)

0.364

  60+

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Educational level

  No formal

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  Primary

0.83 (0.13–5.21)

0.845

2.57 (0.65–10.21)

0.180

0.95 (0.19–4.81)

0.952

1.25 (0.10–16.28)

0.864

1.14 (0.12–10.44)

0.908

1.42 (0.11–18.48)

0.790

  Secondary

0.38 (0.08–1.74)

0.213

1.26 (0.35–4.57)

0.722

0.41 (0.11–1.54)

0.184

1.34 (0.12–15.30)

0.811

1.79 (0.21–15.27)

0.595

3.64 (0.31–42.30)

0.300

  Tertiary

0.23 (0.04–1.43)

0.114

0.87 (0.18–4.19)

0.863

0.50 (0.11–2.28)

0.371

2.96 (0.24–36.53)

0.396

1.32 (0.14–12.18)

0.807

3.97 (0.31–50.20)

0.286

 Marital status

  Married

2.82 (0.94–8.44)

0.064

0.84 (0.30–2.31)

0.732

1.32 (0.59–2.94)

0.500

0.51 (0.20–1.32)

0.163

0.84 (0.37–1.89)

0.666

0.69 (0.28–1.66)

0.405

  Not married (divorced, separated or never married)

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Employment status

  Active

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  Inactive

1.41 (0.60–3.28)

0.427

2.10 (0.88–5.03)

0.096

2.05 (0.93–4.49)

0.074

1.40 (0.58–3.40)

0.457

0.78 (0.35–1.78)

0.561

0.86 (0.37–1.99)

0.718

 Incomeb

  Low

2.28 (0.60–8.70)

0.228

1.45 (0.35–6.06)

0.613

1.62 (0.49–5.40)

0.427

0.79 (0.16–4.00)

0.778

1.13 (0.26–4.92)

0.867

1.05 (0.29–3.82)

0.938

  Middle

0.74 (0.19–2.86)

0.667

1.41 (0.33–6.07)

0.644

0.89 (0.27–2.97)

0.853

0.79 (0.16–3.79)

0.766

1.32 (0.33–5.25)

0.688

0.69 (0.19–2.50)

0.576

  High

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Location

  Urban

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  Rural

1.02 (0.46–2.26)

0.964

0.82 (0.39–1.74)

0.611

0.80 (0.36–1.78)

0.592

0.74 (0.26–2.12)

0.574

0.65 (0.29–1.50)

0.316

0.36 (0.14–0.88)

0.026

 Self-reported health problems

  Yes

1.54 (0.65–3.63)

0.324

1.29 (0.48–3.44)

0.611

1.14 (0.52–2.51)

0.742

1.96 (0.78–4.88)

0.150

1.03 (0.42–2.54)

0.950

0.78 (0.29–2.07)

0.618

  No

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Long-term conditionc

  Yes

2.52 (1.08–5.87)

0.032

1.36 (0.59–3.13)

0.466

1.43 (0.63–3.29)

0.394

1.98 (0.79–4.98)

0.145

1.10 (0.47–2.55)

0.828

0.77 (0.30–1.96)

0.587

  No

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Self-rated health

  Excellent - Good

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  Fair - Very Poor

1.36 (0.52–3.54)

0.525

1.13 (0.49–2.58)

0.778

1.80 (0.74–4.33)

0.192

2.28 (0.92–5.66)

0.074

1.13 (0.48–2.67)

0.779

0.90 (0.34–2.37)

0.834

Caregiving-related

 Living in the same household

  Yes

1.09 (0.25–4.76)

0.905

0.67 (0.25–1.78)

0.416

0.65 (0.20–2.04)

0.457

0.80 (0.21–3.03)

0.739

1.52 (0.44–5.27)

0.511

7.32 (1.19–45.22)

0.032

  No

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Receive training

  Yes

1.55 (0.59–4.08)

0.370

1.60 (0.56–4.56)

0.381

1.26 (0.51–3.14)

0.613

3.12 (1.27–7.64)

0.013

1.80 (0.69–4.65)

0.227

3.16 (1.17–8.54)

0.024

  No

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Has assistance

  Yes

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  No

1.70 (0.64–4.55)

0.286

2.20 (0.78–6.20)

0.135

1.35 (0.51–3.57)

0.538

2.78 (1.06–7.26)

0.037

2.65 (1.04–6.78)

0.042

2.41 (0.88–6.62)

0.088

 Duration of providing care (years)

  Less than 2

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  2 and more

2.92 (1.37–6.24)

0.006

0.85 (0.36–2.02)

0.711

1.23 (0.57–2.67)

0.603

0.66 (0.27–1.63)

0.369

1.46 (0.62–3.40)

0.378

2.89 (1.16–7.18)

0.023

  1. CI Confidence Interval, OR Odds Ratio, ref. reference category
  2. a Malay includes Orang Asli
  3. b Low income (comprised of those from quintile one and two), Middle income (comprised of those from quintile three and four), High income (comprised of those from the highest quintile)
  4. c Long-term condition refers to presence of any non-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension or hypercholesterolemia)
  5. d Daily activities refers to daily, work or school activities
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