Insured clients out-of-pocket payments for health care under the national health insurance scheme in Ghana

Table 7 Predictors of Out-of-Pocket Payments

Variable	Odds ratio	P-Value	CI
Sex
Female (B)
Male	1.15	0.277	0.89–1.48
Age group of Patient
Less than 6 years (B)
Age 6–17	1.8	0.406	0.79–1.78
Age 18–49	1.3	0.131	0.93–1.72
Age 50–59	1.2	0.272	0.78–1.88
Age 60–69	0.83	0.454	0.53–1.33
Age 70 and above	1.04	0.853	0.65–1.66
Level of Education
Never been to School (B)
Primary	1.4	0.080*	0.96–2.10
JHS/Middle	1.1	0.429	0.83–1.53
SHS/O/A Level	1.23	0.223	0.88–1.72
Tertiary	1.22	0.343	0.81–1.85
Region
Ashanti (B)
Central	0.34	0.000**	0.25–0.45
Northern	0.27	0.000**	0.19–0.38
Illness severity
Severe (B)
Moderate	0.75	0.077*	0.53–1.03
Mild	0.66	0.031**	0.45–0.96
All forms severity	0.83	0.216	0.62–111
Type of services received
OPD-Folder vital statistics taken (B)
Laboratory investigation	33.97	0.000**	13.0–89.09
Consultation	12.09	0.0000**	5.28–27.66
Drugs	8.06	0.000**	3.33–19.51
Signs-Symptoms presented
Malaria-like (B)
Difficult-Breathing	0.99	0.987	0.69–1.43
ENT-toothache	0.59	0.030**	0.36–0.95
Injury	1.78	0.027**	1.06–2.96
Review	0.44	0.000**	0.33–0.60
Eye-infections	0.42	0.001***	0.25–0.70
Hypertension-Diabetes	0.62	0.173	0.31–1.23
Skin Infections	0.45	0.183	0.14–1.46
Poorest (B)
Poorer	1.17	0.370	0.83–1.64
Poor	1.55	0.012**	1.11–2.18
Less Poor	2.00	0.000**	1.40–285
Least Poor	2.08	0.000**	1.43–3.02

B is the base category; *p < 0.1 (10% level of Significance); **p < 0.05 (5% level of Significance)

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