Table 3 Regressions on Length of Stay (N = 26,505)
Linear Regression (OLS) | Negative Binomial Regression | Poisson Regression | Zero-inflated Poisson Regression | Zero-inflated Negative Binomial | Random-effects Model | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||
Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Female | −1.21*** (0.28) | −0.07*** (0.01) | − 0.07*** (0.00) | − 0.07*** (0.00) | − 0.08*** (0.01) | − 0.07*** (0.01) |
Age | ||||||
18–29 | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
30–39 | 0.06 (0.58) | 0.00 (0.03) | − 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
40–49 | 0.66 (0.57) | 0.05* (0.02) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.05** (0.02) | 0.02 (0.03) |
50–59 | −0.01 (0.60) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.00 (0.03) |
60–69 | −1.07 (0.68) | − 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.07*** (0.01) | − 0.07*** (0.01) | − 0.03 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.04) |
> =70 | −1.64* (0.76) | − 0.06* (0.03) | − 0.09*** (0.01) | − 0.08*** (0.01) | −0.05* (0.03) | − 0.07* (0.04) |
Region of residence (NUTS II) | ||||||
Non resident | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Norte | −5.55*** (1.09) | −0.35*** (0.05) | −0.30*** (0.01) | − 0.30*** (0.01) | −0.35*** (0.05) | − 0.34*** (0.07) |
Centro | −1.68 (1.12) | −0.13*** (0.05) | − 0.09*** (0.01) | −0.11*** (0.01) | − 0.14*** (0.05) | −0.28*** (0.07) |
Lisbon | −2.50* (1.07) | −0.17*** (0.05) | −0.13*** (0.01) | − 0.13*** (0.01) | −0.18*** (0.05) | − 0.20*** (0.06) |
Alentejo | −0.16 (1.53) | − 0.09 (0.07) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.07) | − 0.15 (0.11) |
Algarve | 3.31** (1.19) | 0.15*** (0.05) | 0.20*** (0.01) | 0.19*** (0.01) | 0.14*** (0.05) | −0.06 (0.11) |
Years after economic crisis | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | −1.63*** (0.27) | −0.07*** (0.01) | −0.09*** (0.00) | − 0.09*** (0.00) | −0.07*** (0.01) | − 0.06*** (0.01) |
Having SNSa | ||||||
Yes | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
No | −0.20 (0.74) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.04) |
HIV as a primary diagnosis | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | −0.44 (0.30) | − 0.05*** (0.01) | − 0.04*** (0.00) | − 0.04*** (0.00) | − 0.05*** (0.01) | − 0.04** (0.02) |
Asymptomatic HIV | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | −3.88*** (0.54) | −0.28*** (0.02) | −0.28*** (0.01) | − 0.25*** (0.01) | −0.27*** (0.02) | − 0.27*** (0.03) |
Hepatitis B | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 0.19 (0.61) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) |
Hepatitis C | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | −2.74*** (0.30) | −0.16*** (0.01) | −0.16*** (0.00) | − 0.15*** (0.00) | −0.16*** (0.01) | − 0.15*** (0.02) |
Associated TB infection | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 9.40*** (0.48) | 0.50*** (0.02) | 0.43*** (0.00) | 0.43*** (0.00) | 0.50*** (0.02) | 0.52*** (0.02) |
Pneumocystis | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 1.28* (0.50) | 0.11*** (0.02) | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.10*** (0.02) | 0.08*** (0.03) |
Cytomegalovirus | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 10.96*** (0.80) | 0.34*** (0.03) | 0.32*** (0.01) | 0.32*** (0.01) | 0.34*** (0.03) | 0.31*** (0.04) |
Mycobacterium disease | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 2.21*** (0.50) | 0.09*** (0.02) | 0.10*** (0.01) | 0.10*** (0.01) | 0.09*** (0.02) | 0.07*** (0.03) |
Candidiasis | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 4.81*** (0.35) | 0.22*** (0.01) | 0.20*** (0.00) | 0.20*** (0.00) | 0.22*** (0.01) | 0.19*** (0.02) |
Toxoplasmosis | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 10.31*** (0.58) | 0.46*** (0.02) | 0.40*** (0.01) | 0.39*** (0.01) | 0.46*** (0.02) | 0.45*** (0.03) |
Kaposi Sarcoma | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 0.31 (0.66) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
Recurrent Pneumonia | ||||||
No | (Ref) - | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 7.90*** (1.49) | −0.44*** (0.07) | − 0.46*** (0.02) | − 0.47*** (0.02) | −0.44*** (0.07) | − 0.46*** (0.08) |
Weight loss | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | −3.21*** (0.70) | −0.15*** (0.03) | −0.15*** (0.01) | − 0.15*** (0.01) | −0.15*** (0.03) | − 0.12*** (0.04) |
Number of diagnosis | ||||||
< =5 | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
6–7 | 2.54*** (0.35) | 0.19*** (0.02) | 0.19*** (0.00) | 0.17*** (0.00) | 0.18*** (0.02) | 0.19*** (0.02) |
8–10 | 5.17 (0.36) | 0.35*** (0.02) | 0.34*** (0.00) | 0.32*** (0.00) | 0.34*** (0.02) | 0.36*** (0.02) |
> 10 | 10.47 (0.40) | 0.55*** (0.02) | 0.56*** (0.00) | 0.54*** (0.00) | 0.54*** (0.02) | 0.55*** (0.02) |
Number of procedures | ||||||
< =5 | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
6–8 | 2.54*** (0.34 | 0.27*** (0.01) | 0.25*** (0.00) | 0.21*** (0.00) | 0.25*** (0.01) | 0.34*** (0.02) |
9–11 | 5.36*** (0.37 | 0.45*** (0.02) | 0.44*** (0.01) | 0.39*** (0.01) | 0.44*** (0.02) | 0.54*** (0.02) |
> 11 | 14.37*** (0.39 | 0.82*** (0.02) | 0.79*** (0.00) | 0.74*** (0.00) | 0.80*** (0.02) | 0.94*** (0.02) |
Emergency Admission | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | −0.76* (0.34) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.05*** (0.00) | −0.06*** (0.00) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) |
30-day Readmission | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | −1.41*** (0.39) | −0.03** (0.02) | −0.07*** (0.00) | − 0.06*** (0.00) | −0.03* (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) |
Type of intervention | ||||||
Medical | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Surgical | 9.67*** (0.54) | 0.34*** (0.02) | 0.41*** (0.01) | 0.41*** (0.01) | 0.36*** (0.02) | 0.32*** (0.03) |
Mode of transfer | ||||||
No transfer | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Transferred b | −6.63*** (0.57) | −0.32*** (0.02) | −0.35*** (0.01) | −0.33*** (0.01) | − 0.32*** (0.02) | −0.35*** (0.04) |
Destination after discharge | ||||||
Home | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Another health service c | 6.31*** (0.68) | 0.20*** (0.03) | 0.30*** (0.01) | 0.34*** (0.01) | 0.21*** (0.03) | 0.22*** (0.04) |
Exit against medical advice | −4.73*** (0.63) | −0.44*** (0.03) | −0.42*** (0.01) | −0.35*** (0.01) | − 0.43*** (0.03) | −0.43*** (0.03) |
In hospital death | −0.70 (0.39) | −0.07*** (0.02) | − 0.05*** (0.00) | 0.01** (0.00) | − 0.06*** (0.02) | −0.11*** (0.02) |
Merged hospitals | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | −3.29*** (0.31) | −0.19*** (0.01) | −0.17*** (0.00) | − 0.17*** (0.00) | −0.19*** (0.01) | − 0.09 (0.09) |
Constant | 13.33 (1.37) | 2.43*** (0.06) | 2.47*** (0.02) | 2.54*** (0.02) | 2.46*** (0.06) | 2.38*** (0.09) |
Observations | 26,505 | 26,505 | 26,505 | 26,505 | 26,505 | 26,505 |
Number of groups | 54 | |||||