Potential explanatory factor | Antenatal care (n = 3687)a | Delivery care (n = 3682)a | Postnatal care (n = 3708)a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Individual factors | ||||||
 Education level | ||||||
  None | – | Reference | Reference | |||
  Primary/secondary/higher | – | 0.77 | (0.63,0.93) | 1.09 | (0.90, 1.33) | |
 Pregnancy danger signs | ||||||
  Not aware | Reference | – | – | |||
  Aware | 1.21 | (1.02,1.44) | – | – | ||
 Delivery danger signs | ||||||
  Not aware | – | Reference | – | |||
  Aware | – | 1.22 | (0.98, 1.51) | – | ||
 Postpartum danger signs | ||||||
  Not aware | – | – | Reference | |||
  Aware | – | – | 1.22 | (1.02,1.46) | ||
 Nurse as information source | ||||||
  Health information | ||||||
   No | Reference | – | Reference | |||
   Yes | 2.08 | (1.79,2.41) | – | 0.94 | (0.79, 1.13) | |
  Delivery information | ||||||
   No | – | Reference | – | |||
   Yes | – | 2.17 | (1.82,2.58) | – | ||
 Antenatal care use | ||||||
  No prior use | Reference |  | – | |||
  Prior use | 1.87 | (1.61,2.18) | – | – | ||
  No use last pregnancy | – | Reference |  |  | ||
  > = 4 last pregnancy | – | 2.06 | (1.73,2.44) |  |  | |
 Delivery care use | ||||||
  No prior use | – | Reference | – | |||
  Prior use | – | 9.56 | (7.67,11.92) | – | ||
  No use last pregnancy | – | – | Reference | |||
  Used for last pregnancy | – | – | 15.35 | (12.61,18.69) | ||
 Attitude towards delivery care | ||||||
  Necessary for all | Reference | Reference | – | |||
  Not necessary for all | 0.51 | (0.36, 0.71) | 0.32 | (0.22,0.47) | – | |
 Delivery mode | ||||||
  Not assisted | – | – | Reference | |||
  Assisted | – | – | 2.95 | (1.95,4.45) | ||
Household or inter-personal factors | ||||||
 Wealthiest household group | ||||||
  No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
  Yes | 1.52 | (1.30,1.79) | 1.36 | (1.12, 1.66) | 1.20 | (0.99,1.46) |
 Companion support | ||||||
  Not available | – | Reference | Reference | |||
  Available | – | 2.75 | (2.20,3.43) | 1.64 | (1.28,2.08) | |
 Health-related decisions | ||||||
  Not involved | Reference | – | Reference | |||
  Involved | 1.33 | (1.13,1.57) | – | 1.10 | (0.91, 1.34) | |
 Delivery site decisions | ||||||
  Not involved | – | Reference | – | |||
  Involved | – | 0.83 | (0.67, 1.02) | – | ||
  Parity | 0.92 | (0.89,0.95) | 1.04 | (0.99,1.08) | 0.98 | (0.94, 1.02) |
 Pregnancy planned | ||||||
  No | Reference | – | – | |||
  Yes | 1.42 | (1.21,1.66) | – | – | ||
 Birth preparedness | ||||||
  Did not plan | Reference |  | – | |||
  Planned for delivery | 1.46 | (1.24,1.71) | 1.45 | (1.20,1.74) | – | |
Health system factors | ||||||
 Home visit by HEW | ||||||
  No | Reference | Reference |  | |||
  Yes | 1.32 | (1.13, 1.55) | 1.35 | (1.13,1.62) | 1.14 | (0.95, 1.36) |
 Nearby health facility type/level | ||||||
  Not hospital/health centre | Reference | Reference | – | |||
  Hospital/health centre | 1.66 | (1.44,1.92) | 1.98 | (1.67,2.36) | – |