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Table 3 Associations between characteristics of informal caregivers and psychosocial burdens during COVID-19 and involvement of informal caregivers

From: Informal caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic perceive additional burden: findings from an ad-hoc survey in Germany

 

Logistic Regression

Multiple Regression

Primary Stressors

Main Caregivera

High expenditure of timeb

High level of carec

Dementiad

No professional helpe

Number of involvement indicators metf

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Background & Context

 Age

1.04 (1.02–1.06)***

1.07 (1.05–1.09)***

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

1.01 (1.00–1.03)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

.18 (0.10–0.25)***

 Gender

  men

0.81 (0.61–1.09)

0.97 (0.67–1.40)

1.20 (0.91–1.58)

1.23 (0.92–1.65)

0.77 (0.58–1.01)

−.01 (−.08–.07)

 Education Level

  low

0.91 (0.57–1.45)

1.36 (0.80–2.30)

0.90 (0.58–1.40)

0.91 (0.57–1.47)

1.03 (0.66–1.61)

.01 (−.07–.09)

  medium

0.86 (0.63–1.17)

0.71 (0.47–1.08)

0.74 (0.55–0.99)*

1.04 (0.76–1.43)

1.06 (0.78–1.43)

−.04 (−.12–.04)

  high

1

1

1

1

1

1

Secondary Stressors

 Change in care situation

  much/somewhat better

1

1

1

1

1

1

  no change

1.02 (0.47–2.22)

0.78 (0.27–1.87)

0.86 (0.40–1.83)

1.21 (0.50–2.91)

1.87 (0.87–4.04)

.04 (−.12–.21)

  somewhat/much worse

1.36 (0.59–3.11)

0.83 (0.29–2.33)

0.90 (0.40–1.99)

1.63 (0.65–4.10)

1.93 (0.85–4.40)

.11 (−.06–.28)

 Concerns/Excessive demands

1.04 (0.98–1.09)

1.06 (0.99–1.13)

1.10 (1.01–1.11)*

1.06 (1.00–1.12)*

0.97 (0.92–1.02)

.10 (.00–.19)*

Intermediating Factors

 Problems with implementation of COVID-19 measures

0.99 (0.92–1.08)

1.10 (0.99–1.22)

1.11 (1.03–1.20)**

1.06 (1.02–1.20)*

1.01 (0.94–1.10)

.11 (.04–.19)**

 Loss of support

0.97 (0.91–1.03)

0.99 (0.91–1.08)

1.09 (1.02–1.16)*

1.06 (0.99–1.13)

0.76 (0.71–0.82)***

−.08 (−.16–.00)*

 Problems with provision, comprehension & practicability of COVID-19 information

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

0.93 (0.71–1.21)

0.84 (0.68–1.01)

1.01 (0.83–1.24)

1.02 (0.83–1.24)

−.06 (−.13–.02)

Stress Outcomes

 Negative feelings

1.00 (0.90–1.11)

1.07 (0.93–1.23)

0.95 (0.86–1.05)

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

0.98 (0.86–1.09)

.02 (−.07–.10)

 Caregiving by myself

  decreased

1

1

1

1

1

1

  almost no change

2.22 (1.42–3.49)***

5.45 (1.89–15.73)**

0.97 (0.62–1.51)

1.25 (0.77–2.02)

0.99 (0.63–1.57)

.18 (.07–.29)**

  increased

2.46 (1.49–4.06)***

5.05 (1.70–15.05)**

0.74 (0.45–1.21)

1.13 (0.67–1.91)

1.10 (0.66–1.84)

.14 (.03.-.24)*

  1. Note. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval. β = standardized coefficient. Significant values are shown in bold type. *p < .05, ** p < .01 and *** p < .001, a Nagelkerke R2 = 7.20%, b Nagelkerke R2 = 14.80%, c Nagelkerke R2 = 5.50%, d Nagelkerke R2 = 7.10%, e Nagelkerke R2 = 13.30%, f R2 = 0.07, Adjusted R2 = 0.05