Table 5 Measure Invariance of 2016 and 2018 respondents

1. Baseline (configural invariance)

2962.00 (154) p < 0.001

19.33-

–

0.04

0.92

0.91

0.92

2. Model 1vs. Baseline Testing Invariance of \( \hat{\varLambda} \) (weak factorial invariance)

3008.96 (165) P < 0.001

46.96 (11) p < 0.005

4.26

0.03

0.92

0.92

0.92

3. Model 2 vs. Model 1 Testing Invariance of \( \hat{\tau} \) (strong factorial invariance)

3030.57 (178) P < 0.001

21.61 (13) p > 0.051

1.74

0.03

0.92

0.92

0.92

4. Model 3 vs. Model 2 Testing Invariance of \( \hat{\theta} \) (strict factorial invariance

3113.59 (191) P < 0.001

82.02 (13) p < 0.001

6.30

0.03

0.92

0.93

0.92

5. Model 4 vs. Model 3 Testing invariance of \( \hat{\psi} \) (elegant factorial invariance)

3117.42 (192) p = 0.00

3.83 (1) p < 0.001

3.83

0.03

0.92

0.93

0.92