Determinants of health care use among homeless individuals: evidence from the Hamburg survey of homeless individuals

Table 3 Determinants of hospitalization in the past 12 months (0 = no hospital visits; 1 = yes, at least one hospital visit). Findings of multiple logistic regressions

Independent variables	Hospitalization
Gender: - Female (Ref.: Male)	1.14
Gender: - Female (Ref.: Male)	(0.33–3.90)
Age	0.93**
Age	(0.89–0.98)
Family status: - Widowed/Divorced/Married, living separated from spouse (Ref.: Single)	2.42+
	(0.87–6.72)
Education: - Secondary/tertiary education (Ref.: Primary education)	0.91
	(0.31–2.70)
Country of origin: - Neighboring country (Germany)	2.68
Country of origin: - Neighboring country (Germany)	(0.59–12.17)
- Other country	0.93
- Other country	(0.26–3.38)
Alcohol consume: - Presence of chronic alcohol consume (CDT > 2.5) (Ref.: Absence of chronic alcohol consume)	0.82
	(0.25–2.68)
Health insurance: Yes (Reference category: No health insurance)	8.11**
	(2.13–30.80)
Fear of COVID-19 (from 1 = not at all to 4 = severely)	0.95
Fear of COVID-19 (from 1 = not at all to 4 = severely)	(0.58–1.56)
Health-related quality of life (EQ VAS, ranging from 0 (worst) to 100 (best))	0.97**
	(0.94–0.99)
Constant	19.47
Constant	(0.49–775.21)
Pseudo R²	0.22
Observations	100

Odds ratios are reported. 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, + p < 0.10

ISSN: 1472-6963