Table 6 Average marginal effects (AME) of the independent variables on drugs, outpatient and inpatient care burden
From: The out-of-pocket burden of chronic diseases: the cases of Belgian, Czech and German older adults
Variables | Drugs burden | Outpatient care burden | Inpatient care burden | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BE | CZ | DE | BE | CZ | DE | BE | CZ | DE | |
Male gendera | −0.186*** (0.0417) | − 0.117*** (0.0337) | − 0.0245 (0.0188) | − 0.183*** (0.0411) | − 0.133** (0.0429) | − 0.184** (0.0661) | − 0.0297 (0.0290) | −0.0436*** (0.0121) | 0.0306* (0.0152) |
Ageb | |||||||||
- 65-79 | 0.162*** (0.0431) | 0.0177 (0.0363) | 0.0222 (0.0187) | 0.000619 (0.0444) | −0.119* (0.0479) | 0.0276 (0.0661) | 0.0779* (0.0318) | 0.0223 (0.0129) | 0.0135 (0.0151) |
- 80+ | 0.272*** (0.0763) | 0.0923 (0.0701) | 0.0871* (0.0374) | 0.0177 (0.0733) | −0.218** (0.0687) | 0.108 (0.127) | 0.102* (0.0482) | 0.0405 (0.0229) | 0.0282 (0.0285) |
Marital statusc | |||||||||
- separated | −0.0118 (0.0576) | −0.0595 (0.0540) | − 0.0350 (0.0301) | − 0.134* (0.0538) | 0.0980 (0.0751) | −0.0366 (0.116) | 0.00275 (0.0428) | 0.0245 (0.0224) | 0.0543 (0.0296) |
- never married | −0.139 (0.0879) | −0.0109 (0.124) | − 0.0736 (0.0383) | − 0.0867 (0.102) | −0.140 (0.103) | 0.0746 (0.159) | 0.118 (0.106) | 0.0636 (0.0507) | −0.0252 (0.0202) |
- widowed | −0.186** (0.0575) | −0.0451 (0.0494) | −0.0264 (0.0322) | − 0.215*** (0.0530) | −0.0828 (0.0565) | − 0.182* (0.0906) | − 0.0223 (0.0351) | 0.00951 (0.0177) | 0.0576* (0.0292) |
Educationd | |||||||||
- secondary | 0.00650 (0.0520) | −0.0146 (0.0356) | 0.0443 (0.0304) | 0.144** (0.0495) | 0.194*** (0.0427) | 0.236* (0.0991) | 0.0411 (0.0380) | 0.0290* (0.0119) | 0.0310 (0.0190) |
- tertiary | 0.0260 (0.0523) | 0.0892 (0.0525) | 0.0545 (0.0332) | 0.232*** (0.0516) | 0.342*** (0.0621) | 0.456*** (0.113) | −0.00461 (0.0333) | 0.0955*** (0.0290) | −0.00640 (0.0199) |
Incomee | |||||||||
- 2nd quartile | −0.516*** (0.0779) | −0.485*** (0.0607) | − 0.145*** (0.0351) | − 0.353*** (0.0750) | − 0.0938 (0.0758) | − 0.0177 (0.125) | − 0.0492 (0.0506) | 0.00579 (0.0180) | 0.0119 (0.0259) |
- 3rd quartile | −0.836*** (0.0742) | − 0.695*** (0.0606) | − 0.271*** (0.0326) | − 0.558*** (0.0775) | −0.265*** (0.0697) | − 0.164 (0.115) | −0.165*** (0.0473) | − 0.0109 (0.0192) | −0.0479* (0.0231) |
- 4th quartile | −1.278*** (0.0706) | −0.979*** (0.0560) | −0.470*** (0.0310) | −0.749*** (0.0761) | − 0.362*** (0.0676) | − 0.469*** (0.108) | − 0.192*** (0.0473) | −0.00497 (0.0171) | − 0.0917*** (0.0232) |
Heart attack | 0.419*** (0.0647) | 0.475*** (0.0564) | 0.175*** (0.0299) | 0.139* (0.0544) | 0.0405 (0.0640) | 0.0437 (0.109) | 0.0513 (0.0341) | −0.000490 (0.0138) | 0.0835*** (0.0204) |
High blood pressure | 0.290*** (0.0428) | 0.342*** (0.0337) | 0.108*** (0.0180) | 0.0386 (0.0403) | 0.0439 (0.0426) | 0.214** (0.0712) | 0.0262 (0.0288) | 0.00485 (0.0129) | 0.0331* (0.0140) |
High cholesterol | 0.163*** (0.0426) | 0.0514 (0.0389) | 0.0340 (0.0215) | 0.0187 (0.0419) | −0.0440 (0.0460) | −0.132 (0.0790) | 0.0242 (0.0324) | 0.0113 (0.0141) | −0.00481 (0.0172) |
Stroke | 0.149 (0.102) | 0.190* (0.0889) | 0.167** (0.0514) | −0.0415 (0.0817) | −0.00509 (0.115) | −0.0226 (0.144) | 0.136* (0.0586) | 0.0425* (0.0215) | 0.101** (0.0338) |
Diabetes | 0.362*** (0.0660) | 0.327*** (0.0441) | 0.177*** (0.0268) | 0.0907 (0.0557) | 0.0508 (0.0503) | −0.126 (0.0917) | 0.0434 (0.0386) | − 0.0117 (0.0133) | 0.0358 (0.0200) |
Lung disease | 0.470*** (0.0762) | 0.201** (0.0682) | 0.162*** (0.0324) | −0.0147 (0.0570) | −0.0555 (0.0683) | 0.447** (0.145) | 0.0699 (0.0456) | 0.0116 (0.0204) | 0.0299 (0.0206) |
Cancer | 0.402*** (0.0944) | 0.318*** (0.0837) | 0.180*** (0.0448) | 0.126 (0.0644) | −0.00712 (0.0731) | 0.428** (0.152) | 0.0549 (0.0504) | 0.0550* (0.0249) | 0.0951*** (0.0270) |
Ulcer | 0.242** (0.0749) | 0.211* (0.0947) | 0.105 (0.0671) | −0.00246 (0.0672) | −0.130 (0.105) | −0.0558 (0.158) | 0.00906 (0.0493) | −0.00952 (0.0213) | 0.0303 (0.0367) |
Parkinson | 1.202*** (0.251) | 0.259 (0.160) | 0.262* (0.116) | 0.318 (0.199) | 0.0971 (0.170) | 0.0915 (0.236) | 0.0751 (0.101) | 0.0952* (0.0422) | 0.0451 (0.0465) |
Cataracts | 0.193* (0.0854) | 0.133* (0.0565) | 0.0282 (0.0308) | 0.144 (0.0782) | 0.110 (0.0720) | 0.124 (0.122) | 0.00390 (0.0437) | −0.0169 (0.0194) | −0.0195 (0.0225) |
Alzheimer | 0.115 (0.177) | 0.0187 (0.133) | 0.148 (0.0906) | −0.129 (0.129) | −0.192 (0.142) | 0.202 (0.224) | 0.0463 (0.0920) | −0.0259 (0.0397) | 0.0352 (0.0412) |
Emotional disorders | 0.465*** (0.0704) | 0.274*** (0.0805) | 0.130*** (0.0322) | 0.116 (0.0645) | 0.0612 (0.0957) | 0.139 (0.147) | 0.0760 (0.0470) | 0.0436* (0.0176) | 0.0501* (0.0215) |
Rheum. Arthritis | 0.298*** (0.0829) | 0.182*** (0.0548) | 0.137*** (0.0320) | 0.0801 (0.0722) | 0.0187 (0.0733) | 0.0933 (0.0953) | −0.0189 (0.0459) | −0.00128 (0.0179) | 0.0622** (0.0216) |
Osteoarthritis | 0.375*** (0.0432) | 0.320*** (0.0376) | 0.0897*** (0.0216) | 0.163*** (0.0416) | 0.127** (0.0458) | 0.171* (0.0786) | 0.0350 (0.0302) | 0.0238 (0.0139) | 0.0389* (0.0163) |
Chronic kidney dis. | 0.356** (0.127) | 0.278* (0.111) | 0.0688 (0.0696) | −0.0862 (0.103) | 0.253* (0.123) | −0.0239 (0.189) | −0.0276 (0.0598) | 0.00802 (0.0258) | −0.0141 (0.0310) |
Other conditions | 0.395*** (0.0529) | 0.335*** (0.0417) | 0.168*** (0.0224) | 0.146** (0.0487) | 0.0313 (0.0489) | 0.180* (0.0720) | 0.0495 (0.0324) | 0.0241 (0.0150) | 0.0440** (0.0152) |
ADL | 0.0828 (0.0681) | 0.299*** (0.0644) | 0.0211 (0.0351) | 0.0198 (0.0608) | −0.0445 (0.0668) | −0.00492 (0.132) | 0.153*** (0.0394) | 0.0477** (0.0173) | 0.00911 (0.0266) |
IADL | 0.358*** (0.0588) | 0.315*** (0.0529) | 0.0859** (0.0326) | 0.0149 (0.0532) | −0.135* (0.0549) | −0.238* (0.119) | 0.0173 (0.0335) | 0.0357* (0.0162) | 0.0565* (0.0229) |
Suppl. health insurance.f | 0.0624 (0.0493) | −0.0497 (0.0611) | 0.0297 (0.0187) | 0.141** (0.0442) | 0.0347 (0.0874) | 0.109 (0.0695) | −0.152*** (0.0438) | 0.00315 (0.0233) | −0.00829 (0.0142) |