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Table 4 Sample characteristics (percentage shares)

From: The out-of-pocket burden of chronic diseases: the cases of Belgian, Czech and German older adults

Variables

Belgium

Czech Republic

Germany

Gender

 • female

54.92

59.42

52.46

 • male

45.08

40.58

47.54

Age

 • 50–64

48.17

35.84

45.73

 • 65–79

38.45

51.90

44.01

 • 80 +

13.38

12.25

10.26

Marital status

 • cohabitation

66.82

63.80

73.98

 • seperated

14.09

14.05

9.87

 • never married

5.98

2.16

4.92

 • widowed

13.12

20.00

11.23

Education

 • none/primary

37.60

38.32

11.54

 • secondary

27.36

47.82

57.15

 • tertiary

35.03

13.86

31.31

Income

 • 1st quartile

25.00

25.00

25.00

 • 2nd quartile

25.00

25.00

25.00

 • 3rd quartile

25.00

25.00

25.00

 • 4th quartile

25.00

25.00

25.00

Heart attack

9.34

12.65

10.31

High blood pressure

34.01

52.29

42.41

High blood cholesterol

30.36

25.35

18.20

Stroke

3.38

4.23

3.51

Diabetes

11.25

19.85

14.07

Lung disease

7.06

7.60

8.01

Cancer

5.05

4.74

6.10

Ulcer

5.66

3.96

2.07

Parkinson

0.72

1.04

0.86

Cataracts

7.22

10.05

8.75

Alzheimer

1.29

1.95

1.60

Emotional disorders

8.08

5.14

7.71

Rheumatoid arthritis

6.63

10.66

11.95

Osteoarthritis

32.16

28.61

21.61

Chronic kidney disease

1.60

2.50

2.11

Other conditions

16.74

18.60

18.59

ADL

14.64

13.20

10.47

IADL

21.25

20.48

14.00

Supplementary health insurance

81.67

6.07

29.18

N

5566

4726

4308