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Table 4 Bivariate and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression of risk factors of physical abuse

From: Factors associated with staff-to-resident abuse in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study

Characteristics

Bivariate logistic regression

Mixed effect logistic regression model 1*

Mixed effect logistic regression model 2*

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

Fixed effects

 Nursing staff

  Sex (0 = female, 1 = male)

1.76

1.25–2.47

0.001

1.46

0.95–2.24

0.087

1.51

0.98–2.32

0.062

  Age (in years)

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.910

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.705

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.690

  Professional occupation (ref: nursing assistant)

   Licensed practical nurse

1.48

1.09–2.02

0.012

1.90

1.29–2.82

0.001

1.92

1.30–2.85

0.001

   Registered nurse/social educator

1.98

1.45–2.71

< 0.001

2.48

1.67–3.68

< 0.001

2.49

1.68–3.70

< 0.001

  Continuous health education (0 = yes, 1 = no)

1.03

0.80–1.33

0.795

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Overall health (1 = very good, 5 = very bad)

1.27

1.08–1.49

0.003

1.02

0.83–1.25

0.858

1.02

0.83–1.25

0.878

  Feeling exhausted (0 = no, 1 = yes)

1.59

1.25–2.02

< 0.001

1.00

0.73–1.37

0.995

1.00

0.73–1.38

0.987

  Psychological distress (0 = no, 1 = yes)

2.01

1.54–2.62

< 0.001

1.61

1.15–2.24

0.005

1.62

1.16–2.27

0.005

  Childhood (1 = very good, 5 = very difficult)

1.16

1.03–1.31

0.013

1.09

0.95–1.25

0.218

1.10

0.96–1.26

0.185

  Job satisfaction (1 = very satisfied, 5 = very unsatisfied)

1.43

1.25–1.65

< 0.001

1.01

0.84–1.22

0.901

1.02

0.84–1.23

0.860

  Intention to leave (0 = no, 1 = yes)

1.81

1.44–2.27

< 0.001

1.40

1.04–1.89

0.026

1.40

1.04–1.89

0.028

  Attitudes (8–40 ➔ higher score = poor attitudes)

1.02

1.00–1.05

0.052

1.03

1.01–1.06

0.014

1.03

1.01–1.06

0.013

 Relational

  Resident aggression (0 = less aggression, 1 = high aggression)

2.85

2.21–3.67

< 0.001

2.10

1.56–2.84

< 0.001

2.09

1.54–2.83

< 0.001

  Care-related conflicts (0 = few conflicts, 1 = high conflicts)

2.81

2.20–3.59

< 0.001

2.18

1.64–2.89

< 0.001

2.18

1.64–2.89

< 0.001

 Institutional

  Job demands (1–5 ➔ higher score = more demands)

1.48

0.89–2.46

0.133

   

1.35

0.66–2.75

0.409

  Support from manager (1–5 ➔ higher score = less support)

0.97

0.70–1.35

0.877

   

0.65

0.41–1.04

0.072

  Support from co-workers (1–5 ➔ higher score = less support)

1.35

0.91–1.98

0.134

   

1.20

0.70–2.05

0.518

  Size (number of beds)

1.00

1.00–1.00

0.864

   

1.00

1.00–1.01

0.811

  Location (ref: urban)

   Suburban

1.18

0.90–1.54

0.230

   

1.18

0.85–1.63

0.326

   Rural

1.36

1.00–1.84

0.052

   

1.43

0.95–2.16

0.089

Random effects

 N

   

2797

2797

 Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC)

   

9.90e-35

3.90e-35

 Standard Error (SE)

   

9.13e-19

4.75e-19

  1. Intercept only model: N (obs.) = 3477, N (groups) = 100, ICC = 0.027, SE = 0.020
  2. *Model 1 = level 1-variables; Model 2 = level 1- and 2-variables