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Table 3 Bivariate and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression of risk factors of psychological abuse

From: Factors associated with staff-to-resident abuse in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study

Characteristics

Bivariate logistic regression

Mixed effect logistic regression model 1*

Mixed effect logistic regression model 2*

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

Fixed effects

 Nursing staff

  Sex (0 = female, 1 = male)

1.10

0.86–1.41

0.437

1.23

0.90–1.67

0.190

1.22

0.90–1.65

0.204

  Age (in years)

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.598

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.468

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.366

  Professional occupation (ref: nursing assistant)

   Licensed practical nurse

1.59

1.34–1.88

< 0.001

1.62

1.29–2.03

< 0.001

1.64

1.30–2.06

< 0.001

   Registered nurse/social educator

1.68

1.39–2.01

< 0.001

1.74

1.37–2.21

< 0.001

1.77

1.40–2.25

< 0.001

  Continuous health education (0 = yes, 1 = no)

0.95

0.81–1.10

0.494

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Overall health (1 = very good, 5 = very bad)

1.31

1.18–1.44

< 0.001

1.10

0.96–1.25

0.176

1.09

0.96–1.25

0.195

  Feeling exhausted (0 = no, 1 = yes)

1.73

1.48–2.02

< 0.001

0.95

0.77–1.18

0.640

0.94

0.76–1.16

0.554

  Psychological distress (0 = no, 1 = yes)

1.96

1.62–2.37

< 0.001

1.45

1.14–1.85

0.003

1.46

1.14–1.86

0.003

  Childhood (1 = very good, 5 = very difficult)

1.15

1.07–1.24

< 0.001

1.04

0.95–1.15

0.379

1.04

0.95–1.15

0.373

  Job satisfaction (1 = very satisfied, 5 = very unsatisfied)

1.57

1.43–1.73

< 0.001

1.12

0.98–1.28

0.094

1.11

0.97–1.26

0.128

  Intention to leave (0 = no, 1 = yes)

1.95

1.68–2.25

< 0.001

1.35

1.11–1.65

0.003

1.35

1.10–1.65

0.003

  Attitudes (8–40 ➔ higher score = poor attitudes)

1.02

1.01–1.04

< 0.001

1.02

1.01–1.04

0.012

1.02

1.01–1.04

0.012

 Relational

  Resident aggression (0 = less aggression, 1 = high aggression)

2.68

2.32–3.10

< 0.001

1.81

1.51–2.16

< 0.001

1.76

1.47–2.11

< 0.001

  Care-related conflicts (0 = few conflicts, 1 = high conflicts)

2.76

2.39–3.18

< 0.001

2.31

1.95–1.75

< 0.001

2.33

1.96–2.77

< 0.001

 Institutional

  Job demands (1–5 ➔ higher score = more demands)

1.62

1.19–2.21

0.002

   

0.89

0.50–1.58

0.700

  Support from manager (1–5 ➔ higher score = less support)

1.64

1.34–2.00

< 0.001

   

1.56

1.08–2.25

0.018

  Support from co-workers (1–5 ➔ higher score = less support)

1.75

1.38–2.21

< 0.001

   

1.23

0.80–1.90

0.352

  Size (number of beds)

1.00

1.00–1.00

0.953

   

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.534

  Location (ref: urban)

   Suburban

1.12

0.96–1.32

0.143

   

1.19

0.90–1.58

0.221

   Rural

1.23

1.02–1.48

0.032

   

1.13

0.80–1.59

0.479

Random effects

 N

   

2777

2777

 Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC)

   

0.047

0.037

 Standard Error (SE)

   

0.016

0.014

  1. Intercept only model: N (obs.) = 3427, N (groups) = 100, ICC = 0.067, SE = 0.016
  2. *Model 1 = level 1-variables; Model 2 = level 1- and 2-variables
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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