Table 2 Family income eligibility limits for free and discounted care multilevel linear mixed-effects analysis results

Non-critical access hospital

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Critical access hospital

−15.316^*** (− 3.453)

−9.086^** (−2.129)

− 24.727^*** (− 3.660)

−19.352^*** (− 2.965)

Non-safety-net

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Safety-net

−14.081^*** (− 3.625)

−14.013^*** (− 3.618)

−8.396 (− 1.175)

−8.233 (− 1.149)

Not-profit-private

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Public

−4.966 (− 1.071)

−5.171 (− 1.121)

−13.792^* (− 1.647)

−13.161 (− 1.572)

Not-for-profit, church

5.229 (1.373)

5.006 (1.320)

1.385 (0.205)

1.423 (0.210)

Small (< 100 beds)

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Medium (100–399 beds)

0.174 (0.037)

−0.718 (− 0.152)

11.009^* (1.909)

10.320^* (1.797)

Large (400+ beds)

−4.506 (−0.584)

− 4.929 (− 0.642)

12.901 (1.495)

12.672 (1.464)

Non-teaching

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Major teaching

9.194^** (1.962)

9.102^* (1.944)

9.497 (1.571)

9.565 (1.583)

Minor teaching

−1.408 (− 0.418)

−1.626 (− 0.488)

0.446 (0.072)

0.197 (0.032)

Not in a joint venture

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In a joint venture

3.905 (1.114)

3.668 (1.050)

15.988^*** (3.784)

15.663^*** (3.707)

Stand-alone hospital

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Health system hospital

5.239 (0.939)

5.198 (0.943)

4.568 (0.652)

4.571 (0.656)

Low concentrated (< 0.33 on HHI)

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Moderately concentrated (0.3387 to 0.8401 on HHI)

−0.170 (− 0.078)

−1.401 (− 0.641)

4.746 (1.475)

4.044 (1.268)

High concentrated (0.8403 to 1 on HHI)

8.343^** (2.388)

5.921^* (1.704)

15.594^*** (2.751)

14.145^** (2.538)

Financial assistance share of total expense

0.728 (1.165)

0.749 (1.189)

2.700^*** (3.628)

2.584^*** (3.406)

Northeast

−6.330 (− 0.808)

5.304 (0.754)

−28.126^** (− 2.433)

−34.512^** (− 2.554)

Midwest

− 19.343^** (− 2.250)

−6.755 (− 0.970)

−43.843^*** (− 3.387)

−40.079^*** (− 2.820)

South

−21.428^*** (− 2.884)

−4.618 (− 0.720)

−66.988^*** (− 6.268)

−65.236^*** (−5.319)

Year = 2010

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Year = 2011

2.035^** (2.281)

2.145^** (2.442)

− 11.747^*** (− 3.391)

− 11.472^*** (− 3.341)

Year = 2012

0.284 (0.245)

0.361 (0.313)

− 0.377 (− 0.131)

− 0.085 (− 0.030)

Year = 2013

2.124^* (1.658)

0.902 (0.642)

1.171 (0.297)

1.561 (0.409)

Year = 2014

4.162^*** (2.770)

2.411 (1.444)

9.185^*** (2.665)

9.536^*** (2.736)

Year = 2015

6.655^*** (4.041)

4.590^** (2.464)

12.958^*** (3.546)

13.286^*** (3.584)

Year = 2016

11.106^*** (6.147)

8.750^*** (4.314)

18.269^*** (4.645)

18.556^*** (4.656)

Year = 2017

13.444^*** (6.501)

10.998^*** (4.842)

31.563^*** (7.529)

31.906^*** (7.199)

Rural (non-core)

−17.050^*** (−4.452)

− 13.390^** (− 2.208)

Most disadvantaged

−9.220 (− 1.388)

−34.217^*** (− 2.603)

Second most disadvantaged

−9.301^** (−2.294)

−10.721 (− 1.229)

Third most disadvantaged

−4.110 (− 1.417)

−3.483 (− 0.451)

Conditional community benefit requirement

−15.714^*** (−3.914)

4.512 (0.516)

Minimum community benefit requirement

14.309^*** (3.360)

33.216^*** (3.147)

Stricter community benefit plan

11.661^*** (2.962)

8.409 (0.770)

No sales/use tax exemption

15.739^*** (3.299)

9.435 (1.086)

Medicaid covers non-disabled adults

3.391^** (2.436)

−0.229 (− 0.073)

Parents income eligibility limit

0.038^*** (2.651)

−0.008 (− 0.266)

Constant

187.810^*** (22.574)

175.010^*** (23.595)

358.001^*** (31.240)

351.245^*** (26.999)

Observations

16,269

16,269

16,378

16,378