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Table 2 Parameter estimates and test statistics, CHARLS, 2011, 2013 and 2015 a

From: The impact of smoking on annual healthcare cost: an econometric model analysis in China, 2015

Covariables

Outpatient visits

Log of outpatient expenditures

Inpatient hospitalizations

Log of inpatient expenditures

self-medication

Log of self-medication expense

Logit aOR [P Value]

GLS β [P Value]

Logit aOR [P Value]

GLS β [P Value]

Logit aOR [P Value]

GLS β [P Value]

Smoking status

 Never smokers

Reference group

 Current light smokers

0.907

−0.0298

1.082

−0.0593

1.028

−0.0250

 Current heavy smokers

0.740* b

0.103

0.875

0.0579

1.097

−0.181*

 Former smokers, quit< 5 yr

1.421*

0.886*

1.728*

0.445*

1.287

0.206*

 Former smokers, quit≥5 yr

1.574*

0.137

1.138

0.518*

1.582*

0.0456

Sex

 Females

Reference group

 Males

0.742*

−0.0903

0.975

0.157*

0.801*

−0.0818*

Age group

 45 ~ 54 yrs

Reference group

 55 ~ 64 yrs

0.998

0.159*

1.395*

0.0952

1.255*

0.156*

 65+ yrs

1.106*

0.352*

1.940*

0.0862

1.238*

0.270*

Registered residents

 Rural

Reference group

 Urban

1.015

0.148*

1.122*

0.283*

1.160*

0.135*

Education level

 Primary school and below

Reference group

 Middle school and above

0.883*

0.222*

0.963

0.146*

1.099*

0.125*

Marital status

 Single/Separated/divorced/widowed

Reference group

 Married/cohabitating

0.984

0.154*

0.883

0.143*

1.075

0.117*

Living poverty status

 No

Reference group

 Yes

1.035

−0.0394

1.000

− 0.127*

1.140*

0.0162

Having health insurance

 No

Reference group

 Yes

1.322*

−0.0147

1.595*

0.0573

1.408*

0.0464

Economic regions (ER)

 West ER

Reference group

 Middle ER

0.672*

−0.118*

0.712*

0.0241

0.598*

−0.225*

 East ER

0.480*

0.0495

0.530*

0.360*

0.595*

−0.274*

BMI status

 Normal weigt

Reference group

 Underweight

1.125

0.172*

1.217*

0.0970

0.903

0.0881

 Overweight

0.979

0.122*

1.202*

0.133*

1.305*

0.0771*

Drinking status

 Never drinker

Reference group

 Drinker

0.876*

−0.305*

0.649*

−0.156*

0.953

−0.243*

Interaction term (IT) a

 IT 1

1.053

0.335

1.194

0.0171

1.058

− 0.0320

 IT 2

1.024

− 0.0807

0.991

− 0.126

1.055

−0.130

 IT 3

1.200

−0.173

0.898

−0.178

0.973

0.0992

 IT 4

1.206

−0.148

1.019

−0.0289

1.105

0.136

 IT 5

1.043

−0.190

1.348

0.0139

0.989

0.102

 IT 6

0.83

−0.405

1.381

0.0948

0.835

0.113

 IT 7

0.798

0.217

1.452

−0.543*

0.945

0.162

 IT 8

1.093

0.190

1.728*

−0.223

1.039

0.322*

Constant

0.433

5.072*

0.0738*

7.887*

0.624*

4.057*

  1. a IT 1 denotes the interaction between current light smokers and the 55 ~ 64 year age group; IT 2 denotes the interaction between current light smokers and the 65+ year age group; IT 3 denotes the interaction between current heavy smokers and the 55 ~ 64 year age group; IT 4 denotes the interaction between current heavy smokers and the 64+ year age group; IT 5 denotes the interaction between former smokers who quitted within 5 yr and 55 ~ 64 year age group; IT 6 denotes the interaction between former smokers who quitted within5yrs and the 64+ year age group; IT 7 denotes the interaction between former smokers who quitted more than 5 years ago and the 55 ~ 64 year age group; IT 8 denotes the interaction between former smokers who quitted more than 5 years ago and the 64+ year age group. b t-Statistics in parentheses: *p < 0.05
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BMC Health Services Research

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