Table 1 Participant characteristics at baseline and ambulatory care utilization in the subsequent 12 months, comparing those included (with ≥4 visits) to those excluded (with ≤3 visits)
Characteristic | Included (≥4 visits) N = 6799 | Excluded (≤3 visits) N = 1745 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | |||
Age, years, mean (SD) | 73.0 (5.9) | 72.0 (5.5) | < 0.0001 |
Sex, female, N (%) | 3573 (53) | 734 (42) | < 0.0001 |
Race, black, N (%) | 2042 (30) | 561 (32) | 0.09 |
Marital status, married, N (%) | 3962 (58) | 1064 (61) | 0.04 |
Annual household income, <$35,000, N (%) | 3251 (48) | 862 (49) | 0.16 |
Education, high school or less, N (%) | 2779 (41) | 691 (40) | 0.40 |
Geographic region, N (%) | |||
Stroke Belta | 2428 (36) | 641 (37) | 0.001 |
Stroke Buckleb | 1628 (24) | 347 (20) | |
Neither Stroke Belt nor Stroke Buckle | 2743 (40) | 757 (43) | |
Rural geography, N (%) | 612 (10) | 179 (11) | 0.08 |
Medical conditionsc | |||
Hypertension, N (%) | 4543 (67) | 976 (56) | < 0.0001 |
Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 4246 (65) | 994 (59) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes, N (%) | 1580 (24) | 264 (16) | < 0.0001 |
Atrial fibrillation, N (%) | 816 (12) | 92 (5) | < 0.0001 |
Myocardial infarction, N (%) | 1168 (18) | 234 (14) | < 0.0001 |
Stroke, N (%) | 576 (9) | 106 (6) | < 0.001 |
Medications | |||
Number of medications, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 7 (4, 10) | 4 (2, 7) | < 0.0001 |
Anti-hypertensive medication, N (%) | 4054 (61) | 771 (44) | < 0.0001 |
Insulin use, N (%) | 412 (6) | 50 (3) | 0.04 |
Statin use, N (%) | 2841 (40) | 527 (30) | < 0.001 |
Health behaviors | |||
Current smoker, N (%) | 566 (8) | 211 (12) | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol use, moderate or heavy, N (%) | 2242 (34) | 617 (36) | 0.02 |
Exercise frequency, 0 times per week, N (%) | 2467 (37) | 564 (33) | < 0.001 |
Psychosocial variables | |||
Cares for a family member with a chronic illness or disability, N (%) | 715 (11) | 177 (10) | 0.65 |
Lack of social support, N (%) | 274 (4) | 81 (5) | 0.24 |
Depressive symptoms, N (%) | 620 (9) | 118 (7) | < 0.01 |
Physiological variables | |||
Body mass index, kg/m2, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 27.6 (24.6, 31.3) | 27.3 (24.4, 30.5) | < 0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 129 (119, 139) | 129 (120, 140) | 0.26 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 183 (159, 210) | 190 (166, 220) | < 0.0001 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 105 (85, 129) | 114 (92, 137) | < 0.0001 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 49 (40, 61) | 49 (39, 60) | 0.68 |
Glucose, mg/dL, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 95 (87, 109) | 94 (88, 105) | 0.04 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 78.1 (63.6, 89.5) | 83.0 (71.0, 90.7) | < 0.0001 |
Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 9.1 (5.3, 20.2) | 7.4 (4.8, 15.4) | < 0.0001 |
C-reactive protein, mg/L, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 2.1 (0.9, 4.8) | 1.8 (0.9, 4.2) | < 0.001 |
Self-rated health | |||
Self-rated general health, N (%) | |||
Excellent | 966 (14) | 421 (24) | < 0.0001 |
Very good | 2079 (31) | 609 (35) | |
Good | 2495 (37) | 511 (29) | |
Fair | 1022 (15) | 165 (10) | |
Poor | 224 (3) | 36 (2) | |
Ambulatory utilization | |||
Number of ambulatory visits, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 10 (7, 15) | 2 (0, 3) | < 0.0001 |
Number of ambulatory providers, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 4 (3, 6) | 1 (0, 2) | < 0.0001 |
Proportion of visits with the most frequently seen provider, median (25th, 75th percentile) d | 0.44 (0.33, 0.58) | – | – |
Fragmentation score (reversed Bice-Boxerman Index), median (25th, 75th percentile) d | 0.78 (0.65, 0.86) | – | – |