Table 5 Odd ratios and 95% CI of factors associated with early timing of ANC visits (<= 3 months gestation) in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea and Zambia (DHS 2018)
| Variable | Nigeria (N=6709) | Mali (N=1973) | Guinea (N=1690) | Zambia (N=1570) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
cOR (95% CI) |
aOR (95% CI) |
aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) |
cOR (95% CI) |
aOR (95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Getting permission to visit the health facility | ||||||||
| Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Not a big problem | 1.32(0.99–1.18) | 1.02(0.74–1.39) | 1.62(1.25–2.12)*** | 1.05(0.73–1.52) | 1.63(1.20–2.22)** | 1.62(1.15–2.33)** | 0.62(0.40–0.97)** | 0.67(0.42–1.07) |
| Getting money needed for treatment | ||||||||
| Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Not a big problem | 1.36(1.16–1.59)*** | 1.14(0.95–1.37) | 1.94(1.55–2.43)*** | 1.38(1.03–1.92)** | 1.20(0.94–1.54) | 0.77(0.58–1.03) | 0.87(0.65–1.16) | 1.10(0.80–1.51) |
| Distance to health facility | ||||||||
| Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Not a big problem | 1.26(1.04–1.52)** | 0.90(0.70–1.14) | 1.67(1.31–2.12)*** | 1.04(0.71–1.51) | 1.48(1.11–1.98)** | 1.08(0.73–1.60) | 0.78(0.61–1.01) | 0.94(0.69–1.27) |
| Not wanting to go alone | ||||||||
| Big Problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Not a big problem | 1.16(0.92–1.45) | 0.90(0.69–1.18) | 1.57(1.18–2.10)** | 0.87(0.58–1.32) | 1.39(1.05–1.84)** | 1.06(0.73–1.53) | 0.77(0.54–1.11) | 1.02(0.66–1.57) |
| Age at child birth (years) | ||||||||
| ≤19 | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| 20–24 | 1.33(1.02–1.74)** | 1.20(0.90–1.58) | 0.99(0.71–1.37) | 1.21(0.84–1.74) | 1.33(0.87–2.04) | 1.31(0.83–2.08) | 1.09(0.72–1.65) | 1.13(0.73–1.75) |
| 25–29 | 1.42(1.08–1.86)** | 1.32(0.96–1.82) | 0.79(0.55–1.12) | 1.21(0.78–1.86) | 1.17(0.80–1.72) | 1.19(0.75–1.88) | 0.73(0.47–1.12) | 0.86(0.49–1.53) |
| 30–34 | 1.46(1.09–1.95)** | 1.48(0.98–2.24) | 0.65(0.45–0.95)** | 1.17(0.69–2.01) | 1.39(0.94–2.07) | 1.55(0.94–2.56) | 0.71(0.46–1.10) | 0.96(0.51–1.78) |
| 35–39 | 1.13(0.82–1.56) | 1.33(0.88–2.01) | 0.84(0.55–1.27) | 1.69(0.95–3.01) | 1.04(0.67–1.61) | 1.13(0.63–2.02) | 0.51(0.29–0.91)** | 0.74(0.38–1.44) |
| ≥40 | 0.72(0.47–1.10) | 1.11(0.65–1.90) | 0.51(0.29–0.92)** | 1.10(0.55–2.22) | 0.93(0.48–1.79) | 0.99(0.40–2.45) | 0.64(0.37–1.11) | 0.81(0.36–1.79) |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Urban | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Rural | 0.55(0.46–0.66)*** | 0.34(0.83–1.24) | 0.43(0.33–0.55)*** | 1.53(1.03–2.26)** | 0.53(0.49–0.74)*** | 1.30(0.81–2.08) | 1.75(1.30–2.42)*** | 1.99(1.29–3.08)** |
| Religion | ||||||||
| Christians | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Muslim | 0.35(0.29–0.42)*** | 0.56(0.44–0.71)*** | 1.12(0.65–1.93) | 1.30(0.71–2.37) | 4.04(2.04–8.03)*** | 3.80(1.94–7.45)*** | 0.76(0.18–3.12) | 0.73(0.17–3.06) |
| Others | 0.25(0.05–1.22) | 0.35(0.08–1.62) | 0.68(0.32–1.43) | 1.32(0.61–2.82) | 1.63(0.53–5.02) | 1.53(0.50–4.68) | 1.30(0.34–4.99) | 1.60(0.35–7.31) |
| Birth order | ||||||||
| 1–2 | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| 3–4 | 0.74(0.62–0.88)** | 0.76(0.61–0.94)** | 0.68(0.53–0.88)** | 0.73(0.53–1.01) | 0.95(0.73–1.25) | 0.93(0.66–1.30) | 0.73(0.56–0.95)** | 0.78(0.56–1.009) |
| ≥5 | 0.42(0.34–0.51)*** | 0.56(0.41–0.78)** | 0.46(0.35–0.59)*** | 0.61(0.40–0.93)** | 0.96(0.73–1.25) | 1.07(0.69–1.66) | 0.61(0.45–0.84)** | 0.66(0.39–1.11) |
| Pregnancy intention | ||||||||
| No (later/no more) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Yes (then) | 1.13(0.88–1.46) | 1.54(1.19–1.99)** | 1.77(1.33–2.37)*** | 1.70(1.27–2.29)*** | 1.10(0.79–1.54) | 1.10(0.78–1.54) | 1.08(0.83–1.40) | 1.00(0.77–1.30) |
| Polygyny | ||||||||
| Monogamous | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Polygamous as first wife | 0.42(0.31–0.56)*** | 0.88(0.64–1.20) | 0.51(0.36–0.71)*** | 0.73(0.49–1.07) | 0.90(0.59–1.34) | 0.96(0.62–1.50) | 1.23(0.62–2.46) | 1.78(0.76–1.30) |
| Polygamous as 2nd or higher | 0.54(0.43–0.68)*** | 0.89(0.69–1.15) | 1.05(0.83–1.33) | 1.29(0.99–1.69) | 0.88(0.64–1.22) | 0.85(0.60–1.20) | 1.23(0.63–2.39) | 1.19(0.60–2.35) |
| Wealth quintiles | ||||||||
| Poorest | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Poorer | 2.02(1.54–2.65)*** | 1.70(1.29–2.25)*** | 1.145(0.78–1.68) | 1.13(0.76–1.67) | 1.65(1.12–2.32)** | 1.62(1.1–2.37)** | 0.70(0.51–0.96)** | 0.72(0.52–1.01) |
| Middle | 2.85(2.16–3.78)*** | 2.01(1.46–2.76)*** | 1.62(1.14–2.29)** | 1.51(1.05–2.18)** | 2.02(1.32–3.08)** | 1.99(1.29–3.07)** | 0.57(0.40–0.80)** | 0.73(0.51–1.04) |
| Richer | 3.35(2.53–4.43)*** | 1.99(1.41–2.81)*** | 2.48(1.75–3.53)*** | 2.01(1.35–3.00)** | 2.93(1.93–4.46)*** | 2.68(1.62–4.44)** | 0.48(0.31–0.74)** | 0.83(0.48–1.44) |
| Richest | 6.65(4.99–8.87)*** | 3.21(2.12–4.85)*** | 5.53(3.79–8.06)*** | 4.04(2.28–7.17)*** | 4.05(2.49–6.59)*** | 3.55(1.87–6.73)** | 0.64(0.44–0.94)** | 1.22(0.67–2.23) |
| Covered by Health Insurance | ||||||||
| No | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Yes | 1.59(0.98–2.57) | 0.88(0.53–1.47) | 5.24(2.83–9.71)*** | 1.77(0.92–3.39) | 2.10(0.67–6.52) | 0.92(0.26–3.30) | 0.81(0.32–2.04) | 0.71(0.26–1.97) |
| Husband level of education | ||||||||
| No education | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Primary | 2.32(1.72–3.13)*** | 1.60(1.16–2.21)** | 1.85(1.37–2.51)*** | 1.56(1.11–2.18)** | 0.96(0.56–1.65) | 0.85(0.50–1.47) | 0.83(0.49–1.41) | 0.79(0.47–1.35) |
| Secondary | 3.52(2.70–4.58)*** | 1.72(1.24–2.38)** | 3.02(2.21–4.10)*** | 1.88(1.30–2.72)** | 1.52(1.09–2.11)** | 1.32(0.93–1.86) | 0.68(0.39–1.17) | 0.71(0.41–1.22) |
| Higher | 3.68(2.73–4.96)*** | 1.56(1.05–2.31)** | 8.38(4.18–16.79)*** | 3.21(1.52–6.78)** | 2.71(1.74–4.23)*** | 1.94(1.23–3.07)** | 0.92(0.48–1.75) | 1.06(0.49–2.33) |
| Difference in age between husband and wife | ||||||||
| Wife older or same age | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | 0.94(0.38–2.36) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
| Husband 1–5 years older | 1.41(0.77–2.59) | 1.55(0.82–2.95) | 0.46(0.23–0.94)** | 0.48(0.23–0.99)** | 0.79(0.55–1.15) | 0.98(0.35–2.79) | 1.80(0.94–3.43) | 1.51(0.87–2.66) |
| Husband 6–10 years older | 1.07(0.60–1.94) | 1.49(0.80–2.75) | 0.53(0.26–1.07)** | 0.58(0.28–1.21) | 0.84(0.63–1.11) | 0.77(0.51–1.15) | 1.51(0.78–2.91) | 1.39(0.78–2.48) |
| Husband > 10 years older | 0.95(0.53–1.71) | 1.67(0.90–3.10) | 0.61(0.31–1.21) | 0.61(0.30–1.26) | Reference (1.0) | 0.80(0.60–1.09) | 2.17(1.06–4.48) | 2.02(1.05–3.86)** |
