Table 4 Odd ratios and 95% CI of factors associated with ≥ 8 ANC visits in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea and Zambia (DHS 2018)
Variable | Nigeria (N=6761) | Mali (N=1973) | Guinea (N=1690) | Zambia (N=1570) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | cOR(95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | cOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | cOR(95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Getting permission to visit the health facility | ||||||||
 Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Not a big problem | 1.16(0.47–0.91) | 0.71(0.51–1.02) | 3.89(1.50–10.11)*** | 2.20(0.61–7.91) | 3.49(1.35–8.99)** | 2.99(0.89–10.01) | 0.43(0.11–1.73) | 0.22(0.06–0.79)** |
Getting money needed for treatment | ||||||||
 Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Not a big problem | 1.38(1.10–1.72)** | 1.38(1.11–1.73)** | 3.75(1.92–7.33)*** | 1.33(0.52–3.44) | 1.89(0.94–3.79) | 0.54(0.22–1.29) | 0.63(00.21–1.92) | 0.97(0.34–2.79) |
Distance to health facility | ||||||||
 Big Problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Not a big problem | 0.66(0.51–0.86)** | 0.73(0.55–0.97)** | 3.55(1.56–8.04)** | 1.85(0.87–3.93) | 4.86(2.21–10.8)*** | 2.96(0.96–9.07) | 0.61(0.26–1.45) | 0.25(0.06–1.06) |
Not wanting to go alone | ||||||||
 Big Problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Not a big problem | 1.14(0.91–1.44) | 0.77(0.57–1.04) | 2.22(0.98–5.07) | 0.42(0.20–0.90)** | 2.91(1.21–699)** | 0.72(0.23–2.28) | 1.64(0.45–6.03) | 2.58(0.55–12.00) |
Age at child birth (years) | ||||||||
 ≤19 | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 20–24 | 1.62(1.09–2.39)** | 1.61(1.09–2.38)** | 0.80(0.36–1.79) | 0.72(0.30–1.70) | 1.54(0.62–3.83) | 1.59(0.64–3.98) | 0.51(0.14–1.86) | 0.42(0.13–1.34) |
 25–29 | 2.26(1.50–3.41)*** | 2.26(1.50–3.40)*** | 0.58(0.27–1.24) | 0.68(0.27–1.76) | 1.62(0.63–4.14) | 2.41(0.84–6.87) | 0.24(0.06–0.91)* | 0.55(0.11–2.78) |
 30–34 | 3.04(1.96–4.70)*** | 3.02(1.95–4.67)*** | 0.38(0.15–0.97)** | 0.59(0.16–2.14) | 1.31(0.47–3.63) | 2.29(0.62–8.43) | 0.49(0.11–2.18) | 1.88(0.55–6.42) |
 35–39 | 2.92(1.82–4.68)*** | 2.90(1.81–4.64)*** | 0.73(0.27–1.93) | 1.78(0.43–7.41) | 0.33(0.06–1.70) | 1.30(0.117–9.79) | 0.02(0.03–0.19)** | 0.26(0.02–4.15) |
 ≥40 | 3.01(1.67–5.40)*** | 3.00(1.67–5.39)*** | 0.35(0.07–1.79) | 1.15(0.14–9.29) | 0.71(0.14–3.70) | 3.74(0.43–32.48) | 0.46(0.09–2.38) | 17.94(2.94–109.29)** |
Place of residence | ||||||||
 Urban | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Rural | 0.24(0.20–0.29)*** | 0.24(0.14–0.42)*** | 0.25(0.14–0.45)*** | 0.87(0.40–1.88) | 0.14(0.07–0.28)*** | 0.56(0.20–1.58) | 0.90(0.32–2.54) | 0.89(0.19–4.11) |
Religion | ||||||||
 Christians | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Muslim | 0.20(0.16–0.24)*** | 0.44(0.34–0.56)*** | 1.83(0.27–12.55) | 2.86(0.46–17.70) | 0.45(0.20–0.99)*** | 0.24(0.11–0.52)*** | 2.44(0.27–21.80) | 4.59(0.56–37.99) |
 Others | 0.18(0.03–0.91)** | 0.30(0.07–1.64) | 0.83(0.05–12.82) | 3.56(0.20–62.39) | 1.00(0.33–3.02) | 0.85(0.19–3.89) | 0.42(0.05–3.40) | 0.40(0.03–5.62) |
Birth order | ||||||||
 1–2 | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 3–4 | 0.75(0.62–0.90)** | 0.67(0.54–0.84)*** | 0.65(0.34–1.24) | 0.79(0.36–1.76) | 0.94(0.51–1.72) | 0.77(0.48–1.58) | 0.13(0.03–0.55)** | 0.04(0.10–0.20)*** |
 ≥5 | 0.36(0.29–0.44)*** | 0.42(0.30–0.60)*** | 0.22(0.10–0.48)*** | 0.25(0.06–0.98)** | 0.18(0.07–0.51)*** | 0.23(0.06–0.88)** | 0.09(0.02–0.36)** | 0.01(0.002–0.07)*** |
Pregnancy intention | ||||||||
 No (later/no more) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Yes (then) | 0.68(0.55–0.85)** | 1.04(0.79–1.35) | 1.23(0.56–2.73) | 0.94(0.40–2.18) | 3.70(1.06–12.86)** | 3.13(0.84–11.66) | 0.91(0.35–2.36) | 0.58(0.22–1.54) |
Polygyny | ||||||||
 Monogamous | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Polygamous as first wife | 0.23(0.15–0.34)*** | 0.67(0.43–1.05) | 0.55(0.23–1.32) | 1.51(0.49–4.66) | 0.14(0.02–1.04) | 0.26(0.03–2.30) | 4.42(0.94–2.89) | 40.35(6.65–244.75) |
 Polygamous as 2nd or higher | 0.37(0.29–0.46)*** | 0.93(0.71–1.23) | 1.01(0.50–2.03) | 1.79(0.81–3.96) | 1.07(0.48–2.40) | 1.44(0.57–3.65) | 11.32(3.33–18.30)*** | 15.6(0.50–23.10)*** |
Wealth quintiles | ||||||||
 Poorest | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Poorer | 2.01(1.32–3.07)** | 1.54(1.00–2.06) | 1.23(0.27–5.51) | 1.10(0.24–5.06) | 0.32(0.04–2.89) | 0.29(0.03–2.73) | 1.78(0.41–7.8) | 0.88(0.22–3.52) |
 Middle | 4.57(3.01–6.95)*** | 2.35(1.50–3.69)*** | 1.38(0.33–5.77) | 1.09(0.22–5.41) | 1.75(0.49–6.23) | 1.17(0.31–4.38) | 1.60(0.41–6.3) | 0.95(0.24–3.81) |
 Richer | 9.71(6.38–14.79)*** | 3.35(2.08–5.38)*** | 3.31(0.90–12.14) | 1.82(0.37–9.08) | 5.11(1.65–15.82)** | 1.90(0.48–7.52) | 0.93(0.17–5.06) | 0.56(0.09–3.64) |
 Richest | 21.31(14.06–32.29)*** | 4.77(2.91–7.82)*** | 11.40(3.29–39.53)*** | 4.00(0.68–23.36) | 11.46(4.15–31.63)*** | 3.28(0.77–13.98) | 2.82(0.67–11.80) | 0.58(0.07–4.68) |
Covered by Health Insurance | ||||||||
 No | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Yes | 3.27(2.15–4.98)*** | 1.36(0.86–2.16) | 6.30(2.88–13.80)*** | 1.68(0.63–4.52) | 2.11(0.26–16.94) | 0.50(0.04–6.55) | 9.36(3.87–53.67)** | 8.27(1.34–51.01)** |
Husband level of education | ||||||||
 No education | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Primary | 4.28(3.04–6.03)*** | 2.06(1.41–3.09)*** | 2.67(1.24–5.74)** | 1.96(0.88–4.36) | 0.57(0.12–2.59) | 0.47(0.09–2.33) | 3.88(0.42–35.44) | 1.14(0.10–13.32) |
 Secondary | 7.79(5.73–10.60)*** | 2.04(1.43–2.92)*** | 4.34(2.18–8.65)*** | 1.97(0.84–4.61) | 2.11(0.90–4.91) | 1.21(0.48–3.11) | 10.51(1.34–82.3)** | 5.54(0.65–47.35) |
 Higher | 10.59(7.60–14.75)*** | 2.09(1.41–3.08)*** | 12.77(5.28–30.90)*** | 3.49(1.16–10.49)* | 4.49(1.90–10.62)** | 1.18(0.48–2.91) | 33.49(3.62–309.03)** | 18.67(1.31–267.00)** |
Difference in age between husband and wife | ||||||||
 Wife older or same age | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | 5.36(0.09–15.2)*** | 13.3(5.93–48.7)*** | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
 Husband 1–5 years older | 1.01(0.61–1.71) | 1.29(0.75–2.22) | 0.40(0.11–1.41) | 0.43(0.10–1.86) | 0.96(0.43–2.17) | 1.80(0.402.95) | 1.39(0.29–6.77) | 0.69(0.10–4.64) |
 Husband 6–10 years older | 0.60(0.35–1.02) | 1.05(0.60–1.84) | 0.31(0.08–1.13) | 0.33(0.08–1.36) | 0.82(0.42–1.61) | 0.86(0.39–1.90) | 0.86(0.16–4.70) | 0.46(0.06–3.26) |
 Husband >  10 years older | 0.40(0.23–0.70)** | 0.97(0.55–1.74) | 0.36(0.11–1.21) | 0.32(0.08–1.30) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | 0.52(0.05–5.98) | 0.50(0.05–5.43) |