(A) Risk of overall inappropriateness | Colonoscopy | Gastroscopy | Head CT | Musculoskeletal CT | Head MRI | Musculoskeletal MRI | ||||||||||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||||||
Year of prescription | ||||||||||||||||||
 2012 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 2013 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.69 | 1.07 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.75 |
 2014 | 0.74 | 0.69 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.80 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.67 |
 2015 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 0.58 | 0.46 | 0.72 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.53 |
 2016 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.47 | 0.37 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.46 |
 2017 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.90 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.46 |
Patient’s age | ||||||||||||||||||
 15–64 | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 65–84 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 1.26 | 1.18 | 1.36 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 1.54 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 1.09 |
  > 84 | 1.56 | 1.36 | 1.79 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 1.02 | 1.48 | 1.30 | 1.69 | 1.01 | 0.64 | 1.61 | 1.10 | 0.96 | 1.27 | 1.86 | 1.46 | 2.38 |
Patient’s sex | ||||||||||||||||||
 F | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 M | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 1.19 | 1.14 | 1.23 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.96 |
Fee exemption | ||||||||||||||||||
 No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Yes | 1.01 | 0.96 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.08 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 1.08 | 1.45 | 1.39 | 1.51 | 1.12 | 1.06 | 1.20 |
Physician’s sex | ||||||||||||||||||
 F | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 M | 1.33 | 1.14 | 1.56 | 1.18 | 1.02 | 1.36 | 1.05 | 0.92 | 1.21 | 1.16 | 0.92 | 1.48 | 1.09 | 0.93 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 0.92 | 1.29 |
Physician’s age | ||||||||||||||||||
 28–44 | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 45–68 | 1.14 | 0.85 | 1.53 | 1.08 | 0.82 | 1.43 | 1.07 | 0.82 | 1.40 | 2.17 | 1.30 | 3.62 | 0.94 | 0.73 | 1.21 | 0.99 | 0.72 | 1.34 |
GPs’ practice organization | ||||||||||||||||||
 Primary care medical group | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Primary care medical network | 1.39 | 1.16 | 1.67 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 1.63 | 1.15 | 1.00 | 1.32 | 1.43 | 1.11 | 1.84 | 1.36 | 1.14 | 1.63 | 1.40 | 1.15 | 1.69 |
(B) Variances of random effects a | Variance | ICC % | Variance | ICC % | Variance | ICC % | Variance | ICC % | Variance | ICC % | Variance | ICC % | ||||||
 Level 2 (GP) | 0.441 | 11.7 | 0.345 | 9.4 | 0.252 | 7.1 | 0.556 | 14.3 | 0.370 | 9.8 | 0.498 | 12.8 | ||||||
 Level 3 (primary care subdistrict) | 0.037 | 1.0 | 0.031 | 0.8 | 0.000 | 0.0 | 0.027 | 0.7 | 0.095 | 2.5 | 0.090 | 2.3 | ||||||
 Level 4 (healthcare district) | 0.011 | 0.3 | 0.007 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 0.0 | 0.026 | 0.7 | 0.000 | 0.0 | 0.000 | 0.0 |