Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients according to completing 1-year pay-for-performance program or not
Variable | Data before matching | Data after matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P4P (n = 369,194) | Non-P4P (n = 951,989) | STD | P4P (n = 337,184) | Non- P4P (n = 337,184) | STD | |
Age (years; mean ± SD) | 60.9 ± 11.8 | 63.0 ± 13.5 | − 0.17 | 61.0 ± 11.8 | 61.1 ± 12.9 | < 0.01 |
Male | 182,531 (49.4) | 471,689 (49.5) | < 0.01 | 166,940 (49.5) | 166,928 (49.5) | < 0.01 |
Urban level | ||||||
 Low | 41,918 (11.4) | 113,792 (12.0) | −0.02 | 37,964 (11.3) | 37,115 (11.0) | 0.01 |
 Moderate | 121,999 (33.0) | 295,819 (31.1) | 0.04 | 110,255 (32.7) | 109,306 (32.4) | 0.01 |
 High | 113,856 (30.8) | 279,267 (29.3) | 0.03 | 103,690 (30.8) | 103,591 (30.7) | < 0.01 |
 Very High | 91,421 (24.8) | 263,111 (27.6) | −0.07 | 85,275 (25.3) | 87,172 (25.9) | −0.01 |
Monthly income, NTD | ||||||
 0–17,880 | 84,853 (23.0) | 260,210 (27.3) | −0.10 | 78,630 (23.3) | 78,457 (23.3) | < 0.01 |
 17,881 – 22,800 | 151,438 (41.0) | 374,004 (39.3) | 0.04 | 137,209 (40.7) | 136,259 (40.4) | 0.01 |
  > 22,800 | 132,903 (36.0) | 317,775 (33.4) | 0.06 | 121,345 (36.0) | 122,468 (36.3) | −0.01 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 5.8 ± 4.2 | 4.4 ± 3.8 | 0.36 | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 5.4 ± 4.1 | 0.03 |
Health care utilization in the previous year | ||||||
 No. of outpatient visit of diabetes | 14.4 ± 7.5 | 9.6 ± 8.1 | 0.62 | 13.8 ± 6.9 | 13.9 ± 8.7 | − 0.02 |
 No. of outpatient visit | 34.1 ± 21.2 | 31.9 ± 22.8 | 0.10 | 33.5 ± 20.9 | 33.5 ± 21.7 | < 0.01 |
 No. of emergent room visit | 0.37 ± 1.09 | 0.60 ± 1.81 | − 0.16 | 0.37 ± 1.11 | 0.37 ± 0.99 | 0.01 |
 No. of hospitalization | 0.21 ± 0.67 | 0.50 ± 1.25 | − 0.29 | 0.22 ± 0.68 | 0.22 ± 0.63 | 0.01 |
Comorbidity | ||||||
 COPD | 15,402 (4.2) | 64,115 (6.7) | − 0.11 | 14,296 (4.2) | 13,929 (4.1) | 0.01 |
 Hypertension | 216,200 (58.6) | 555,549 (58.4) | < 0.01 | 197,115 (58.5) | 199,661 (59.2) | −0.02 |
 PAOD | 9503 (2.6) | 22,965 (2.4) | 0.01 | 8440 (2.5) | 8237 (2.4) | < 0.01 |
 Ischemic heart disease | 48,383 (13.1) | 151,326 (15.9) | −0.08 | 44,215 (13.1) | 44,268 (13.1) | < 0.01 |
 VTE | 573 (0.16) | 3600 (0.38) | −0.04 | 531 (0.2) | 553 (0.2) | < 0.01 |
 Dyslipidemia | 198,296 (53.7) | 331,620 (34.8) | 0.39 | 174,589 (51.8) | 177,147 (52.5) | −0.02 |
 Auto-immune disease | 1470 (0.40) | 4537 (0.48) | −0.01 | 1332 (0.4) | 1229 (0.4) | < 0.01 |
 Liver disease | 55,012 (14.9) | 131,221 (13.8) | 0.03 | 50,036 (14.8) | 50,954 (15.1) | −0.01 |
 Liver cirrhosis | 4738 (1.3) | 22,978 (2.4) | −0.08 | 4483 (1.3) | 4338 (1.3) | < 0.01 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 62,472 (16.9) | 118,749 (12.5) | 0.13 | 52,110 (15.5) | 49,095 (14.6) | 0.03 |
 Dialysis | 987 (0.27) | 20,406 (2.1) | −0.17 | 982 (0.3) | 864 (0.3) | 0.01 |
 Malignancy | 17,569 (4.8) | 63,038 (6.6) | −0.08 | 16,312 (4.8) | 16,194 (4.8) | < 0.01 |
Charlson’s Comorbidity Index score | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 0.03 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | < 0.01 |
History of event | ||||||
 Heart failure | 8910 (2.4) | 56,558 (5.9) | −0.18 | 8391 (2.5) | 8131 (2.4) | < 0.01 |
 Ischemic stroke | 23,773 (6.4) | 112,059 (11.8) | −0.19 | 22,222 (6.6) | 21,623 (6.4) | 0.01 |
 Hemorrhage stroke | 2916 (0.79) | 17,700 (1.9) | −0.09 | 2782 (0.8) | 2593 (0.8) | 0.01 |
History of infection event | ||||||
 Infection-related hospitalization in the previous year | 16,698 (4.5) | 103,888 (10.9) | −0.24 | 15,856 (4.7) | 15,119 (4.5) | 0.01 |
 No. of infection-related hospitalization in the previous 3 years | 0.19 ± 0.62 | 0.42 ± 1.33 | −0.22 | 0.19 ± 0.63 | 0.18 ± 0.63 | 0.02 |
Medication | ||||||
 NSAID | 71,133 (19.3) | 192,047 (20.2) | −0.02 | 65,091 (19.3) | 65,577 (19.4) | < 0.01 |
 COX-II inhibitors | 19,254 (5.2) | 56,323 (5.9) | −0.03 | 17,609 (5.2) | 17,709 (5.3) | < 0.01 |
 Aspirin | 91,631 (24.8) | 209,685 (22.0) | 0.07 | 81,838 (24.3) | 81,656 (24.2) | < 0.01 |
 Clopidogrel | 5910 (1.6) | 27,195 (2.9) | −0.09 | 5467 (1.6) | 5309 (1.6) | < 0.01 |
 Statin | 149,217 (40.4) | 231,072 (24.3) | 0.35 | 128,993 (38.3) | 128,449 (38.1) | < 0.01 |
 Anticoagulant | 2365 (0.64) | 11,360 (1.2) | −0.06 | 2200 (0.7) | 2170 (0.6) | < 0.01 |
 Steroid | 9995 (2.7) | 38,984 (4.1) | −0.08 | 9267 (2.7) | 9044 (2.7) | < 0.01 |
Antidiabetic medication | ||||||
 Metformin | 262,652 (71.1) | 501,270 (52.7) | 0.39 | 238,004 (70.6) | 247,512 (73.4) | −0.06 |
 DDP4 inhibitors | 39,894 (10.8) | 43,154 (4.5) | 0.24 | 31,211 (9.3) | 28,355 (8.4) | 0.03 |
 Sulfonylureas (SU) | 228,801 (62.0) | 476,608 (50.1) | 0.24 | 208,035 (61.7) | 215,388 (63.9) | −0.05 |
 Thiazolidinedione | 59,132 (16.0) | 66,562 (7.0) | 0.29 | 49,003 (14.5) | 46,951 (13.9) | 0.02 |
 Non-SU insulin secretagogues | 26,464 (7.2) | 51,341 (5.4) | 0.07 | 23,150 (6.9) | 23,284 (6.9) | < 0.01 |
 Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 50,046 (13.6) | 72,429 (7.6) | 0.19 | 42,604 (12.6) | 42,000 (12.5) | 0.01 |
Insulin | 46,794 (12.7) | 47,945 (5.0) | 0.27 | 34,747 (10.3) | 28,952 (8.6) | 0.06 |
Follow-up (years; mean ± SD) | 4.5 ± 3.0 | 3.5 ± 2.8 | 0.34 | 4.5 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 0.23 |