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Table 2 Study characteristics of N = 40 included studies

From: Implementation interventions in preventing surgical site infections in abdominal surgery: a systematic review

First author, year, country

Study design

Type of surgery

Sample size

SSI Outcome

SSI rate

Compliance rate

Bull, 2011, Australia [34]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 142

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 10

Baseline: 15%

Cohort: 7%

Baseline: 5,3% (global)

Cohort: 21,1% (global)

Cameron, 2015, UKc [35]

Cohort (before/after)

Gastrointestinal surgery

Baseline: 58

Cohort: 73

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: 31% (global)

Cohort: 73% (global)

Cima, 2013, US [36]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 531

Cohort: 198

Baseline: 52

Cohort: 8

Baseline: 9.8%

Cohort: 4%

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Connolly, 2016, US [37]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 379

Cohort: 328

Baseline: 122

Cohort: 27

Baseline: 32.2%

Cohort: 8.2%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Crolla, 2012, Netherlands [38]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 349

Cohort: 377

Baseline: 85

Cohort: 61

Baseline: 21.6%

Cohort: 16.2%

Baseline: 10% (global)

Cohort: 80% (global)

DeHaas, 2016, US [39]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 277

Cohort: 254

Baseline: 49a

Cohort: 13a

Baseline: 17.58%

Cohort: 5.11%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Elia-Guedea, 2017, Spain [40]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 70

Cohort: 79

Baseline: 22

Cohort: 11

Baseline: 31.4%

Cohort: 13.9%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Forbes, 2008, Canadac [41]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal or hepatobiliary surgery

Baseline: 105

Cohort: 103

Baseline: 15a (superficial)

Cohort: 9a (superficial)

Baseline: 14.3% (superficial)

Cohort: 8.7% (superficial)

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Frenette, 2016, Canada [42]

Cohort (before/after)

Hepatobiliary Surgery, Solid Organ Transplantation (liver, kidney, pancreas)

Baseline: 453

Cohort: 971

Baseline: 79

Cohort: 80

Baseline: 17.4%

Cohort: 8.2%

Baseline: 45.1% (global)

Cohort: 60.3% (global)

Garcell, 2017, Qatarc [43]

Cohort

Appendix surgery

Baseline: 59

Cohort: 300

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Geubbels, 2004, Netherlands [44]

Cohort (before/after)

Appendix surgery

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: 14.9%

Cohort: 3.6%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 81% (individual measure)

Grant, 2018 (Epub 2017), US c [45]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 401

Cohort: 763

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Hechenbleikner, 2015, US [46]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline:

Cohort: 387

Baseline:

Cohort: 71

Baseline: 22.4%

Cohort: 18.9%

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Hedrick, 2007, US [47]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 175

Cohort: 132

Baseline: 45

Cohort: 21

Baseline: 25.6%

Cohort: 15.9%

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Hedrick, 2007, US [48]

Cohort (before/after)

Intra-Abdominal Surgery

Baseline: 379

Cohort: 390

Baseline: 35a

Cohort: 22a

Baseline: 9.2%

Cohort: 5.6%

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Hewitt, 2017, US [49]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 489

Cohort: 212

Baseline: 68

Cohort: 10

Baseline: 13.9%

Cohort: 4.7%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 80% (global)

Kao, 2010, US [50]

Cohort (controlled staggered before/after)

Colorectal surgery,

abdominal hysterectomies, and abdominal vascular

operations

Baseline: 91a

Cohort: 62a

Baseline: 4a

Cohort: 2a

Baseline: 4.4%a (colorectal)

Cohort: 3.2%a (colorectal)

Baseline: NR (graphical only)

Cohort: 63.7% (global)

Keenan, 2014, US [51]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 212

Cohort: 212

Baseline: 55a

Cohort: 18a

Baseline: 25.9%a

Cohort: 8.5%a

Baseline: NR

Cohort: only for individual measures (narrative)

Keenan, 2015, US [52]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 337

Cohort: 285

Baseline: 116a

Cohort: 26a

Baseline: 34.4%a

Cohort: 9.1%a

Baseline: NR

Cohort: only for individual measures

Kilan, 2017, Saudi Arabia [53]

Cohort (before/after)

Gastrointestinal surgery

Baseline: 55

Cohort: 214

Baseline: 5

Cohort: 11

Baseline: 9.1%

Cohort: 5.1%

Baseline: 47.3% (global)

Cohort: 82.2% (global)

Knox, 2016, Australiac [54]

Cohort (before/after)

Abdominal general surgery

Baseline: 100

Cohort: 100

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: 18% (global)

Cohort: 15% (global)

Larochelle, 2011, USc [55]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 706

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 87

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 12.3%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: only for individual measures

Lavu, 2012, US [56]

Cohort (before/after)

Pancreatic surgery

Baseline: 233

Cohort: 233

Baseline: 35

Cohort: 18

Baseline: 15.0%

Cohort: 7.7%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: narrative only (global)

Liau, 2010, Singapore [57]

Cohort (before/after)

Gastrointestinal and hernia surgery

Baseline: 1065a

Cohort: 2408

Baseline: 33a

Cohort: 12

Baseline: 3.1%

Cohort: 0.5%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: only for individual measures

Losh, 2017, USc [58]

Cohort (before/after)

General, orthopedic, colorectal, oncological, OB/GYN, neurosurgery

and urology surgical subspecialties

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: 6.9%b

Cohort: 1.6%b

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Lutfiyya, 2012, US [59]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 430

Cohort: 195

Baseline: 91

Cohort: 13

Baseline: 21.16%

Cohort: 6.67%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Mammo, 2016, USc [60]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 273

Cohort: 212

Baseline: 5a (deep)

Cohort: 0 (deep)

Baseline: 1.8% (deep)

Cohort: 0% (deep)

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Misteli, 2012, Switzerland [61]

Cohort (before/after)

Vascular, visceral, and trauma surgery (Subgroup: Cholecystectomy and Colon Surgery)

Baseline: 483

Cohort: 257

Baseline: 44

Cohort: 25

Baseline: 9.1%

Cohort: 9.7%a

Baseline: 41% (individual measure)

Cohort: 56% (individual measure)

Nordin, 2018 (Epub 2017), US [62]

Cohort (before/after)

Pediatric gastrointestinal surgery

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 1595

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 75a

Baseline: 7.1%

Cohort: 4.7%

Baseline: 43% (global)

Cohort: 80% (global)

Pastor, 2010, US [63]

Cohort (early

and late implementation period)

Colorectal Surgery

Baseline: 238

Cohort: 235

Baseline: 45

Cohort: 49

Baseline: 18.9%

Cohort: 19.4%

Baseline: 30% (global)

Cohort: 50% (global)

Pérez-Blanco, 2015, Spain [64]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 218

Cohort: 124

Baseline: 60

Cohort: 21

Baseline: 27.5%

Cohort: 16.9%

Baseline: 62.6% (global)

Cohort: 81,1% (global)

Reames, 2015, US c [65]

Cohort (before/after)

Abdominal general surgery

Baseline:14,005 Cohort: 14,801

Baseline: 449a (superficial)

Cohort: 474a (superficial)

Baseline: 3.2% (superficial)

Cohort: 3.2% (superficial)

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Tanner, 2016, UK [66]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 127

Cohort: 166

Baseline: 31

Cohort: 46

Baseline: 24%

Cohort: 28%

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: 19% (global)

Tillman, 2013, US [67]

Cohort (before/after)

Cardiac surgery, colorectal surgery, general surgery (non-colorectal non-vascular), gynecologic surgery, orthopedic surgery, thoracic surgery, and vascular surgery

Baseline: 79

Cohort: 104

Baseline: 19

Cohort: 12

Baseline: 24.1% (colorectal)

Cohort: 11.5% (colorectal)

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Vogel, 2010, Germany [68]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 332

Cohort: 341

Baseline: 26

Cohort: 12

Baseline: 7.8%

Cohort: 3.5%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: narrative only (global)

Vu, 2018 (Epub 2017), US [69]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Baseline: 6.7%

Cohort: 3.9%

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Waters, 2017, US [70]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 2408

Cohort: 2873

Baseline: 193a

Cohort: 172a

Baseline: 8%

Cohort: 6%

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Wick, 2012, US [71]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 278

Cohort: 324

Baseline: 76

Cohort: 59

Baseline: 27.3%

Cohort: 18.2%

Baseline: only for individual measures

Cohort: only for individual measures

Wick, 2015, US [72]

Cohort (before/after)

Colorectal surgery

Baseline: 310

Cohort: 330

Baseline: 59a

Cohort: 24a

Baseline: 18.8%

Cohort: 7.3%

Baseline: NR

Cohort: NR

Willis, 2016, US [73]

Cohort (before/after)

Appendix surgery (Pediatric

Complicated Appendicitis)

Baseline: 191

Cohort: 122

Baseline: 50a

Cohort: 14a

Baseline: 26.2%a

Cohort: 11.4%a

Baseline: NR

Cohort: 87.5% (global)

  1. Notes: NR Not reported; a self-calculated; b all cases (abdominal cases were not separately reported); c not included in effectiveness analysis due to missing overall baseline or cohort. SSI rates or not separately reported abdominal SSI rates