Table 1 Original items per subscale

Physician clinical practices (e.g., ordering, prescribing) are key drivers of high health care costs.

Cost to society should be important in physician decisions to use or not to use an intervention.

Cost-effectiveness data should be used to determine what treatments are offered to patients.

Trying to contain costs is the responsibility of every physician.

Managing health care resources for all patients is compatible with physicians’ obligation to serve individual patients.

Patients will be less satisfied with the care they receive from physicians who discuss costs when choosing tests and treatments.

Doctors are too busy to worry about the costs of tests and procedures.

It is easier to order a test than to explain to the patient why a particular test is unnecessary.

Practicing cost-conscious care will undermine patients’ trust in physicians.

Ordering fewer tests and procedures will increase physicians’ risk of medical malpractice litigation.

Physicians should take a more prominent role in limiting use of unnecessary tests.

Physicians should be aware of the costs of the tests or treatments they recommend.

Physicians should talk to patients about the costs of care when discussing treatment options.

Physicians should change their clinical practices (eg, ordering, prescribing) if the cost of care they provide is higher than colleagues who care for similar patients.