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Table 5 Population-averaged Odds ratios (OR) and 95%CI for socioeconomic predictors of using PNC services among Ghanaian women from the final 2-level mixed logistic regression model

From: Assessing the contextual effect of community in the utilization of postnatal care services in Ghana

Predictors

Null model

OR (95% CI)

Final model

AOR (95% CI)

P-value

Fixed effect

Individual-level characteristics

 Age (years)

 

1.00 (0.98, 1.01)

0.9

Religion

 Muslim

 

2.42 (1.68, 3.49)*

< 0.0001

 Christians

 

1.99 (1.50, 2.63)*

< 0.0001

 Traditional/other

 

Reference

 

Ethnicity

 Akan

 

1.46 (1.05, 2.05)*

0.03

 Northern tribes

 

1.74 (1.19, 2.54)*

0.004

 Ga

 

1.87 (1.05, 3.33)*

0.03

 Other

 

1.05 (0.62, 1.77)

0.9

 Ewe

 

Reference

Educational attainment

 No education

 

0.72 (0.56, 0.92)*

0.009

 Primary

 

0.60 (0.61, 0.99)*

0.04

 Secondary/Higher

 

Reference

Parity

 Three or more births

 

0.87 (0.69, 1.11)

0.3

 Two births

 

1.01 (0.76, 1.35)

0.9

 One birth

 

Reference

Wealth status

 Poor

 

0.44 (0.31, 0.63)*

< 0.0001

 Middle

 

0.60 (0.43, 0.85)*

0.004

 Rich

 

Reference

Community-level characteristics

Community Problem with distance to health facility

 Not a big problem

 

1.08 (0.89, 1.32)

0.4

 Big problem

 

Reference

Area of residence

 Urban

 

1.05 (0.75, 1.46)

0.8

 Rural

 

Reference

Community Poverty level

 High

 

0.60 (0.44, 0.81)*

0.001

 Low

 

Reference

Community Education level

 Percentage of women with at least secondary education per community

 

1.01 (1.01, 1.02)*

0.001

Community unemployment level

 Percentage of women without employment per community

 

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)

0.5

Random effects

Null model

Final model

 Community level variance (95% CI))

1.84** (1.40, 2.42)

1.02 (0.73, 1.42)*

 ICC (95% CI)

0.36 (0.30, 0.42)

0.24 (0.18, 0.30)*

Model fit statistics

 AIC

3304.9

3146.7

 BIC

3317.7

3235.8

  1. CI confidence interval, OR Odds ratio, SE Standard error, ICC Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, AIC Akaike Information Criterion, BIC Bayesian Information Criterion; *significant at p < 0.05; GDHS data 2014