From: Assessing the contextual effect of community in the utilization of postnatal care services in Ghana
Predictors | Null model OR (95% CI) | Final model AOR (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Fixed effect | |||
Individual-level characteristics | |||
 Age (years) |  | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.9 |
Religion | |||
 Muslim |  | 2.42 (1.68, 3.49)* | < 0.0001 |
 Christians |  | 1.99 (1.50, 2.63)* | < 0.0001 |
 Traditional/other |  | Reference |  |
Ethnicity | |||
 Akan |  | 1.46 (1.05, 2.05)* | 0.03 |
 Northern tribes |  | 1.74 (1.19, 2.54)* | 0.004 |
 Ga |  | 1.87 (1.05, 3.33)* | 0.03 |
 Other |  | 1.05 (0.62, 1.77) | 0.9 |
 Ewe |  | Reference | |
Educational attainment | |||
 No education |  | 0.72 (0.56, 0.92)* | 0.009 |
 Primary |  | 0.60 (0.61, 0.99)* | 0.04 |
 Secondary/Higher |  | Reference | |
Parity | |||
 Three or more births |  | 0.87 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.3 |
 Two births |  | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 0.9 |
 One birth |  | Reference | |
Wealth status | |||
 Poor |  | 0.44 (0.31, 0.63)* | < 0.0001 |
 Middle |  | 0.60 (0.43, 0.85)* | 0.004 |
 Rich |  | Reference | |
Community-level characteristics | |||
Community Problem with distance to health facility | |||
 Not a big problem |  | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 0.4 |
 Big problem |  | Reference | |
Area of residence | |||
 Urban |  | 1.05 (0.75, 1.46) | 0.8 |
 Rural |  | Reference | |
Community Poverty level | |||
 High |  | 0.60 (0.44, 0.81)* | 0.001 |
 Low |  | Reference | |
Community Education level | |||
 Percentage of women with at least secondary education per community |  | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02)* | 0.001 |
Community unemployment level | |||
 Percentage of women without employment per community |  | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.5 |
Random effects | Null model | Final model | |
 Community level variance (95% CI)) | 1.84** (1.40, 2.42) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.42)* | |
 ICC (95% CI) | 0.36 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.24 (0.18, 0.30)* | |
Model fit statistics | |||
 AIC | 3304.9 | 3146.7 | |
 BIC | 3317.7 | 3235.8 |