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Table 3 Distribution of women by predictors and PNC services utilization, and unadjusted odds ratios (UOR), 95%CI, and p-values for predictors of using PNC services among Ghanaian women from the univariable 2-level mixed logistic regression model

From: Assessing the contextual effect of community in the utilization of postnatal care services in Ghana

Predictors

UOR (95% CI)

P-value

Individual-level characteristics

 Age (years)

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)

0.02

Marital status

 Cohabitating

0.84 (0.55, 1.27)

0.4

 Widow/divorced/separated

0.94 (0.56, 1.57)

 Married

1.05 (0.72, 1.53)

 Single

Reference

Religion

 Islam

3.03 (1.98, 4.65)

< 0.0001

 Christians

3.04 (2.18, 4.22)

 Traditional/other

Reference

Ethnicity

 Akan

1.88 (1.26, 2.81)

0.0001

 Northern tribes

1.07 (0.71, 1.62)

 Ga

2.69 (1.35, 5.33)

 Other

0.85 (0.49, 1.66)

 Ewe

Reference

Parity

 Three or more births

0.65 (0.50, 0.85)

0.0005

 Two births

0.96 (0.69, 1.33)

 One birth

Reference

Educational attainment

 No education

0.41 (0.31, 0.52)

< 0.0001

 Primary

0.52 (0.40, 0.69)

 Secondary/Higher

Reference

Wealth status

 Poor

0.18 (0.13, 0.26)

< 0.0001

 Middle

0.39 (0.27, 0.58)

 Rich

Reference

Employment status

 Working

0.97 (0.76, 1.24)

0.8

 Not working

Reference

Community-level characteristics

Community Problem with distance to health facility

 Not a big problem

1.39 (1.11, 1.73)

0.004

 Big problem

Reference

Area of residence

 Urban

3.32 (2.35, 4.68)

< 0.0001

 Rural

Reference

Community Poverty level

 High

0.28 (0.20, 0.41)

< 0.0001

 Low

Reference

Community Education level

 Percentage of women with at least secondary education per community

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

< 0.0001

Community unemployment level

 Percentage of women without employment per community

1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

0.22

  1. CI, confidence interval; UOR, unadjusted odds ratio; GDHS data 2014