Table 2 Distribution of women by predictors and PNC services utilization, and unadjusted odds ratios (UOR), 95%CI, and p-values for predictors of using PNC services among Ghanaian women from the univariable 2-level logistic regression model
From: Assessing the contextual effect of community in the utilization of postnatal care services in Ghana
Predictors | Overall (N = 4292)% | Used postnatal care (N = 3605)% | No postnatal care (N = 687)% |
|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level characteristics | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
Age (Mean ± SD) | 30.9 ± 7.33 | 30.6 ± 7.03 | 31.3 ± 7.62 |
Marital status | |||
 Single | 363 (8.5) | 317 (87.3) | 46 (12.7) |
 Cohabitating | 830 (19.3) | 672 (81.0) | 158 (19.0) |
 Widow/divorced/separated | 300 (7.0) | 254 (84.7) | 46 (15.3) |
 Married | 2799 (65.2) | 2362 (84.4) | 437 (15.6) |
Religion | |||
 Traditional/other | 324 (7.5) | 183 (56.5) | 141(43.5) |
 Islam | 922 (21.5) | 801(86.9) | 121(13.1) |
 Christians | 3046 (71.0) | 2621(86.0) | 425(14.0) |
Ethnicityb | |||
 Akan | 1642 (38.3) | 1473 (89.7) | 169 (10.3) |
 Northern tribes | 1795 (41.8) | 1411 (78.6) | 384 (21.4) |
 Ewe | 476 (11.1) | 391 (82.1) | 85 (17.9) |
 Ga | 198 (4.6) | 179 (90.4) | 19 (9.6) |
 Other | 180 (4.2) | 150 (83.3) | 30 (16.7) |
Parity | |||
 One birth | 935 (21.8) | 826 (88.3) | 109 (11.7) |
 Two births | 838 (19.5) | 737 (88.0) | 101 (12.1) |
 Three or more births | 2519 (58.7) | 2042 (81.1) | 477 (18.9) |
Educational attainment | |||
 No education | 1418 (33.0) | 1051(74.1) | 367 (25.9) |
 Primary | 869 (20.3) | 725 (83.4) | 144 (16.6) |
 Secondary/Higher | 2005 (46.7) | 1829 (91.2) | 176 (8.8) |
Wealth status | |||
 Poor | 2241 (52.2) | 1703 (76.0) | 538 (24.0) |
 Middle | 811 (18.9) | 751 (89.0) | 89 (11.0) |
 Rich | 1240 (28.9) | 1180 (95.2) | 60 (4.8) |
Employment statusa | |||
 Not working | 886 (20.7) | 760 (85.8) | 126 (14.2) |
 Working | 3403 (79.3) | 2842 (83.5) | 561(16.5) |
Community-level characteristics | |||
Community Problem with distance to health facility | |||
 Not a big problem | 2973 (69.3) | 2603 (87.5) | 370 (12.5) |
 Big problem | 1319 (30.7) | 1002 (76.0) | 317 (24,0) |
Area of residence | |||
 Urban | 1777 (41.4) | 1634 (92.0) | 143 (8.0) |
 Rural | 2515 (58.6) | 1971(78.4) | 544 (21.6) |
Community Poverty level | |||
 Low | 3046 (71.0) | 2720 (89.3) | 326 (10.7) |
 High | 1246 (29.0) | 885 (71.0) | 361 (29.0) |
Community Education level | |||
 Percentage of women with at least secondary education per community (Mean ± SD) | 45.1 ± 26.02 | 54.6 ± 26.11 | 35.6 ± 26.20 |
Community unemployment level | |||
 Percentage of women without work per community (Mean ± SD) | 26.4 ± 13.01 | 27.6 ± 12.95 | 25.2 ± 13.06 |