Table 1 Key features of studies included in the review
From: Public-private partnerships in primary health care: a scoping review
Author, year | Location /setting | Objective(s) | Type of study | Services | Model type | Target group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmed F, Nisar N, 2010 [15] | Pakistan | Examines barriers to further development of PPP in Pakistan | Narrative review | – | PPP (contracting out) | – |
Ardian M et al., 2007 [13] | Indonesia | To describe a successful partnership between the district health department, a private company and non-governmental health care providers | Descriptive-case study | Case detection, treatment | PPP | TB case |
Argaw MD et al., 2016 [25] | Ethiopia | To analyse health facility reports on malaria service delivery to assesses the magnitude of cases and adherence of health care workers on the national standards | Retrospective descriptive | Malaria diagnosis and treatment | PPP | Suspected of malaria |
Arora V et al., 2004 [22] | India | To increase case notification in the revised national TB control program and to improve treatment outcome in the private sector through the implementation of dots principles | Intervention | Diagnosis and treatment of TB patients | PPM | Suspected of TB, Patient with TB |
Baig M et al., 2014 [6] | India | Assess the nature and extent of primary health care services provided in PHCs managed by NGOs and Corporates, as compared to the government | A case study | Immunisation services, health promotion, treatment of common ailments, malaria management, delivery services | PPP | The people of a region |
Balasubramanian R et al., 2006 [26] | India | To evaluate a rural public-private partnership model within the TB control program | Cohort | Case detection, treatment | PPP | TB case |
Barr DA, 2007 [27] | USA | Provide an overview of the history of health-related PPPs during the past 20 years and describe a research protocol commissioned by the world health organisation to evaluate the effectiveness of PPPs in a research context | Descriptive protocol | – | PPP | – |
Bourgeois DM et al., 2014 [28] | UK | Introducing an oral health collaborative promotion program called Live.Learn.Laugh | Narrative review | Educational and research services of oral health | PPP | Schools, kindergarten, mothers of students, the general population |
Brad Schwartz J, Bhushan I, 2004 [7] | Cambodia | To examine the effects on immunisation equity of the large-scale contracting of primary healthcare services in rural areas of Cambodia | Intervention | Coverage targets and equity targets for all primary healthcare services, including immunisation of children | PPP | Five of nine rural districts which together have a population of over 1.25 M people |
Chongwe G et al., 2015 [29] | Zambia | Determine the extent of private-sector capacity, participation, practices and adherence to national guidelines in the control of TB | Cross-sectional survey | Diagnose TB- manage a case of TB by providing drugs | PPM | TB case |
Dewan PK et al., 2006 [8] | India | To review the characteristics of the PPM projects in India and their effect on case notification and treatment outcomes for TB | Literature review | Diagnosis and treatment of TB patients | PPM | Patients with TB and those suspected to have TB |
Ejaz I et al., 2011 [30] | Pakistan | Presenting viewpoints of government, NGOs and donors in Pakistan about PPP | Qualitative | – | PPP | – |
Engel N, van Lente H, 2014 [9] | India | Discuss three early PPMs from the point of view organisational innovation and control practices | Qualitative | – | PPM | – |
Farahbakhsh M et al., 2012 [23] | Iran | Compare the performance quality of two cohorts of public and cooperative health centres in several health service delivery programs throughout 2001–2002 | Cross-sectional comparative | Immunisation, maternal, child healthcare, family planning, environmental health, school health, health education, outpatient visits | PPP (contracting out) | The population of the region (9000 to 17,000) |
Fobosi S et al., 2017 [31] | South Africa | To inform future service development for sex workers and describe the North Star’s contribution to healthcare provision to this population in South Africa | Case study | Healthcare service package in roadside wellness clinics | PPP | Truck drivers, sex workers and their clients, and individuals from the surrounding communities that do not otherwise have access to clinics |
Ganguly P et al., 2014 [32] | India | To explore the factors influencing private obstetricians’ decisions to enrol in the “Chiranjeevi Yojana” scheme, reasons behind their willingness or reluctance to continue, and the reasons why some choose never to participate at all | Qualitative | Providing free intrapartum care | PPP | Poor and tribal women |
Ghanashyam B, 2008 [33] | India | A report on health care status in India and reviewing opinions for entering the private sector and participating in primary care | Descriptive | – | PPP | – |
Gidado M, Ejembi C. 2009 [34] | Kaduna state, Nigeria | Comparing the roles of public and private health care facilities in the TB program and TB case management practices and treatment outcomes among patients managed in these health facilities | Comparative cross-sectional | Case detection, treatment | PPM | TB case |
Gold J et al., 2012 [35] | Australia | Report of experience of partnering with a large private telecommunications provider in order to deliver a health promotion intervention using mobile phone text messages (SMS) | Descriptive | Send a promotional message to promote sexual health | PPP | Eligible mobile advertising subscribers |
Handler AS, et al., 2015 [36] | USA | To illustrate how the Illinois breast and cervical cancer program as the public entity has partnered with private physicians, community clinics, and hospitals to effectively deliver breast and cervical cancer services to low-income women across Illinois | Qualitative | Provide quality screening, promote diagnostic services for early detection of breast and cervical cancer, disseminate culturally sensitive public information and education programs | PPP | Women of low income, racial/ethnic minorities, rarely or never screened, and older women |
Harris DM, et al., 2012 [37] | USA | To raise awareness of the use of school salad bars as an important part of a comprehensive public health effort to improve child nutrition, to place 6000 salad bars in schools over 3 years | Perspective | Promote fruit and vegetable consumption among schoolchildren by school salad bars | PPP | School-age youth |
Herman NG, 2008 [38] | New York city | Describes the program developed by New York College of Dentistry to improve New York city head start children’s oral health | Descriptive-case study | A comprehensive oral health program (educational, preventive and treatment services) | PPP | Preschool children in low-income families |
Hirano D, 1998 [39] | USA | Provides an overview of the Arizona partnership for infant immunisation, a coalition of the Arizona Department of Health Services and its partners in the public and private sectors | Overview | Implementing the Arizona Department of Health Services infant immunisation action plan, improve service delivery, provider awareness, community awareness | PPP | All children 2 years of age by the year 2000 |
Imtiaz A et al., 2017 [10] | Pakistan | To assess the utilisation of maternal and child health services before and after implementation of PPP in district Abbottabad, Pakistan | A cross-sectional study | Vaccination of children in an expanded program of immunisation, vaccination of women for tetanus toxoid, postnatal visits, family planning | PPP | Maternal and child |
Joloba M et al., 2016 [40] | Uganda | Redesigned the TB specimen transport network and trained healthcare workers to improve multidrug-resistant TB detection | Intervention | Improving multidrug-resistant TB detection by TB specimen, transport network development and training, mapping and specimen referral to the national TB reference laboratory | PPP | Patients with TB and those suspected to have TB |
Kell K et al., 2018 [11] | UK | Report the main outcomes of the past 12 years of partnership, in particular, the key outreach and figures of phase III evaluation | Descriptive | Phase I: 2005–2009 Multiple objective public health programs; Phase II: 2010–2013 Oral health education and promotion programs with a focus on children, patients, mother and infants, communities; Phase III: 2014–2016 School oral health program,21-days education program and world oral health day activities | PPP | Children, patients, mother and infants, communities |
Kim HJ et al., 2009 [41] | Korea | To improve treatment outcomes in the private sector by developing a public-private collaboration model for strengthening health education and case holding activities with public health nursing in the private sector | Prospective cohort study | Diagnosis and treatment of TB patients | PPP | Patients with TB and those suspected to have TB |
Kramer K et al., 2017 [42] | Tanzania | To comprehensively describe the functioning of the Tanzanian national voucher scheme and examines the effectiveness and equity of the scheme | Case study | Provide three voucher distribution models to increase the reach of target groups for insecticide-treated nets and long-lasting insecticidal nets | PPP | Pregnant women and infants |
Kumar M, et al., 2005 [43] | India | Describe and analyse the outcomes of a pilot project PPP and laboratory-based surveillance | Intervention | Diagnosis, treatment | PPP | TB case |
Kumar M, et al., 2016 [44] | India | To assess the function of mobile medical units in Jharkhand, India and to identify the factors influencing the utilisation of mobile medical units | Cross-sectional comparative | Provide curative as well as preventive services | PPP | People in 24 remote and hard-to-reach districts in Jharkhand, India |
Loevinsohn B et al., 2005 [45] | USA | Examine the effectiveness of contracting, examine the extent to which anticipated difficulties occurred during implementation, make recommendations about future efforts in contracting | Review | – | PPP (contracting out) | – |
Loevinsohn B, et al., 2009 [46] | Pakistan | To evaluate the performance of the contractor, health facility surveys, household surveys, and routinely collected information were used to compare the experimental district with a contiguous and equally poor district | Cross-sectional comparative | Provide a broad range of PHC services, including preventive, promotion and curative care | PPP | The population covered in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan |
Lönnroth K, et al., 2004 [47] | India, Viet Nam, Kenya, India | To compare processes and outcomes of four PPM projects on dots implementation for tuberculosis control in New Delhi, India; Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Nairobi, Kenya; and Pune, India | Cross-project analysis | Diagnosis and treatment of TB patients | PPM | Patients with TB and those suspected to have TB |
Miles K et al., 2014 [21] | Papua New Guinea | Describes a multifaceted PPP between a major oil and gas producer, the national Department of Health and associated development partners in Papua New Guinea | Descriptive | Providing HIV prevention, education and treatment services | PPP | The local population - HIV-infected people, basic HIV awareness education to church groups, community groups and local female sex workers |
Mili D, Mukharjee K. 2014 [5] | India | To understand the reasons for participation of NGOs in the PPP program, gauge the extent of community involvement and the benefits accrued by the communities in this program | Cross-sectional | Provide basic health care services | PPP (contracting out) | The population of the poor and remote areas of Arunachala Pradesh, India |
Mohanan M, et al., 2013 [48] | Gujarat, India | To evaluate the effect of the Chiranjeevi Yojana program, a PPP to improve maternal and neonatal health in Gujarat, India | Observational study | Maternity services | PPP | Maternal and neonatal among poor women |
Mudyarabikwa O, Regmi K, 2016 [49] | UK | To assess to what extent PPPs would increase efficiency in public procurement of primary healthcare facilities | Qualitative | – | PPP | – |
Murthy K, et al., 2001 [20] | India | To determine whether private practitioners and the government can collaborate with a non-governmental intermediary to implement directly observed treatment, short-course strategy (DOTS) effectively | Cross-sectional | Case detection, treatment | PPP | Patients with TB and those suspected to have TB |
Newell JN et al., 2004 [50] | Nepal | To implement and evaluate a PPP to deliver the internationally recommended strategy dots for the control of TB in Lalitpur municipality, Nepal | Intervention | Diagnosis and treatment of TB patients | PPP | Patients with TB and those suspected to have TB |
Newell JN et al., 2005 [51] | Nepal | To describe leadership, management and technical lessons learnt from the successful implementation of a PPP for TB control in Nepal | Qualitative | – | PPP | – |
Njau R et al., 2009 [52] | Tanzania | Extensive literature review of various PPP models in health in scale and in scope which are aimed at advancing public health goals in developing countries | Case study | – | PPP | – |
Oluoha C et al., 2014 [12] | Nigeria | To assess the contribution of the private health facilities in providing immunisation services in four local government areas | Retrospective descriptive | Immunisation services | PPP | Children |
Pal R, Pal S, 2009 [53] | India | Analyse the progress and success of PHC in the new millennium | Perspective | – | – | – |
Pérez-Escamilla R. 2018 [54] | China, India, South Africa, Germany, the United Kingdom, Brazil and Mexico | To identify the key factors of successful implementation of Mondelēz International Foundation-supported school-based PPPs in seven countries | Qualitative | Fostering healthy dietary and physical activity behaviours | PPP | Children, adolescents, women, mothers, pregnant women |
Perry CL et al., 2015 [55] | USA | Introduces a special issue of seven articles on childhood obesity from the centre and the implications of this research for obesity prevention | Literature review | To address child health issues through research, service, and education | PPP | Child health |
Quy H et al., 2003 [56] | Vietnam | To assess the impact on case detection of a PPM project linking private providers to the National TB Program | Intervention | Case detection. Treatment. | PPM | TB case |
Ramiah I, Reich MR, 2006 [57] | Botswana | Analyses the multiple challenges that African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships confronted in its first 4 years in the building and managing its relationships with other organisations and among African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships partners | Qualitative | – | PPP | – |
Rangan S et al., 2004 [58] | India | To develop a ‘model’ partnership between rural private medical practitioners and the revised national TB control program | Intervention | Diagnosis, treatment | PPM | TB case |
Reviono R et al., 2017 [59] | Indonesia | To explore the case detection achievements of the tuberculosis program since ppm implementation in central Java, Indonesia in 2003 | Retrospective cohort study | Case detection, treatment | PPM | TB case |
Ribeiro CA et al., 2016 [60] | Brazil | Describe public-private partnership in the prevention of influenza amongst industry workers in Ceara state, Brazil | Case study | Vaccination against influenza | PPP | Industry workers |
Sheikh K et al., 2006 [61] | India | Review two studies on the private sector in India for TB and HIV, and highlight future policy directions for involving PPM in public health programs | Cross-sectional observational | Diagnosis, referrals, TB and AIDS treatment | PPM | Those suspected to have TB and AIDS |
Sil et al., 2010 [62] | USA | To improve access to quality oral health care in central Massachusetts with the central Massachusetts oral health initiative | Case study | Oral health care | PPP | Mothers, pregnant women, children |
Silow-Carroll S, 2008 [63] | USA | Describe the implementation of Iowa’s 1st Five Initiative: improving early childhood development services through public-private partnerships | Narrative review | Screening referrals and follow-up for mental health | PPP | All young children ages 0 to 5 years and their families |
Sinanovic E, Kumaranayake L, 2006 [4] | South Africa | To evaluate the quality of care for the treatment of TB provided in different PPPs | Cross-sectional comparative | Case detection, treatment | PWP, PNP | TB case |
Singh A et al., 2009 [64] | India | Investigating the provision of skilled nursing care and emergency care for the poor through a partnership with the private household in Gujarat, India | Observational study | Maternity services | PPP | Poor women |
Tanzil S et al., 2014 [65] | Pakistan | Assess the range and quality of healthcare services at the basic health units in Sindh, Pakistan, administered by the district governments as compared to the basic health units which are being contracted and now managed by the peoples’ primary healthcare initiative | Cross-sectional survey | Primary health care services | PPP (contracting out) | The population of the district |
Ullah ANZ et al., 2012 [66] | Bangladesh | Analyses the basic concepts and key issues of the existing collaboration between government and NGOs in health care | Qualitative | – | PPP | – |
Uplekar M, 2003 [67] | Switzerland | Presents the guiding principles of PPM dots and major elements of the global strategy | Narrative review | – | PPM | – |
Uplekar, 2016 [68] | Switzerland | To present a global perspective on the progress and prospects of expanding PPM for TB care and prevention | Perspective | – | PPM | – |
van de Vijver S, et al., 2013 [69] | Sub-Saharan Africa | To describe a study design that integrates public health and private-sector approaches to lead to the development and introduction of a service delivery package for cardiovascular disease prevention among urban poor | Descriptive | Awareness Access to screening for CVD risk factors Treatment Seeking Long-term compliance | PPP | Korogocho, a Nairobi slum with a total population of 35,000, screening is for those over 35 years old |
Zafar Ullah A, et al., 2006 [70] | Bangladesh | To develop and evaluate a PPP model to involve private medical practitioners in the TB control activities | Intervention | Diagnosis Treatment follow-up | PPP | TB case |