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Table 4 Multiple linear regression analysis for the independent variables and informal caregiver’s self-reported depression symptoms

From: Self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety among informal caregivers of persons with dementia: a cross-sectional comparative study between Sweden and Italy

Variables

Self-reported depression symptoms

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

β Coefficient (SE)

p

β Coefficient (SE)

p

β Coefficient (SE)

p

Italy (n = 316)

Gender (female vs. male)

1.607 (0.515)

< 0.001

1.810 (0.517)

< 0.001

−1.793 (0.516)

< 0.001

Age, years (ref. > 70)

< 39

  

−0.836 (1.652)

0.613

−0.653 (1.649)

0.692

40–54

  

−1.703 (0.589)

0.004

−1.739 (0.587)

0.003

55–69

  

−0.863 (0.610)

0.158

−0.896 (0.608)

0.142

Additional caregivers (yes vs. no)

    

−1.091 (0.604)

0.072

Constant

    

6.183 (1.063)

< 0.001

Adjusted R-squared changes

0.027

 

0.043

 

0.050

 

R-squared

    

0.065

 

Sweden (n = 86)

Caregiving, hours/day (0–24)

0.259 (0.078)

< 0.001

0.270 (0.078)

< 0.001

0.286 (0.077)

< 0.001

Age, years (ref. > 70)

< 39

  

2.759 (1.444)

0.060

3.945 (1.569)

0.014

40–54

  

0.064 (0.862)

0.941

0.977 (0.989)

0.326

55–69

  

0.809 (0.762)

0.292

1.335 (0.807)

0.102

Additional caregivers (yes vs. no)

    

−1.362 (0.755)

0.075

Constant

    

2.517 (0.647)

< 0.001

Adjusted R-squared changes

0.104

 

0.120

 

0.143

 

R-squared

    

0.193

 
  1. Data source for Italy: UP-TECH questionnaire; Sweden: TECH@HOME questionnaire.
  2. p-value < 0.05 was regarded as significant; significant p-values are underlined.
  3. n, number of participants; β, beta; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination (score 0–9 = severe, 10–20 = moderate, 21–24 = mild, and 25–30 = normal); HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (0–7 normal, 8–10 doubtful, 11 > definite).