Table 2 Definition of discursive domains and frames

Expanding the NCDs frame to include mental health and air pollution

This domain expands beyond the four main types of NCDs (cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes) and four shared risk factors (tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol) to include mental health as an NCD and air pollution as a risk factor.

NCDs and their determinants

Political

This frame focuses on the influence of political and policy/ legislative measures on NCDs (e.g. setting rules to restrict sales of products related to NCDs).

Commercial

This frame highlights the role of commercial industry, such as tobacco or alcohol companies, in driving the NCD epidemic.

Social

This frame emphasises the influence of social factors, such as inequality or poverty, on the distribution and burden of NCDs.

Individual

This frame views individuals as responsible for the choices they make in relation to their health.

A rights-based approach to NCDs

Health as a human right

This frame identifies the use of human rights language. It is also invoked when NCDs are referred to alongside human rights documents.

Women’s rights to health

This frame relates to articles with a focus on women’s right to health and those that discuss gender inequality concerning NCDs.

Maternal and child health

This frame relates to articles focusing on maternal and child health. The frame can be recognised when NCDs are discussed in relation to the need to empower women and children in improving their health outcomes.

Approaches to achieving policy coherence in NCDs globally

‘Best-Buys’

This frame highlights cost-effective, feasible and affordable interventions in any resource setting.

Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Society

This frame calls for all-of-government and all-of-society responses underpinned by the concept of multi-sectoral action as well as cross-country collaboration.

Shared policy beliefs

This frame illustrates how different actors with shared policy beliefs unite to advocate for a similar policy cause. This frame can also be identified when the articles discussed the power of actors and the contesting of power between actors.

NCDs as part of Sustainable Socio-economic Development

Sustainable development

This frame embeds NCDs in the broader development agenda such as the Sustainable Development Goals. This frame is also invoked when articles discussed the impact of NCD interventions on development-related indicators such as poverty.

Economic impact

This frame refers to the costs of NCDs as incurred by individuals, businesses, and health systems, or as an impact on the global economy.