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Table 2 Association of characteristics and testing for vitamin D level in 2018 (multivariable regression analysis)

From: Potentially inappropriate testing for vitamin D deficiency: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland

Variable

 

Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)

Gender

Female

1

Male

0.56 (0.55–0.58)

Age group in years

19–40

1

41–60

1.30 (1.25–1.34)

61–80

1.20 (1.15–1.24)

81+

0.75 (0.71–0.80)

Deductible class in CHF

300

1

500

0.95 (0.92–0.98)

1000

0.71 (0.67–0.76)

1500

0.57 (0.55–0.60)

2000

0.51 (0.48–0.55)

2500

0.46 (0.44–0.48)

Health plan

Unrestricted access

1

Gatekeeping by GP

1.02 (0.98–1.06)

Gatekeeping by telemedical provider

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

HMO

0.86 (0.83–0.89)

Supplementary insurance coverage

No

1

Yes

1.21 (1.18–1.24)

Geographic region

Eastern

1

Central

1.04 (0.98–1.09)

Mittelland

1.06 (1.02–1.11)

Northwestern

1.01 (0.96–1.07)

Western

1.13 (1.08–1.19)

Zurich

1.00 (0.96–1.06)

Urbanity levelsa

Rural

1

Peri-urban

1.11 (1.05–1.16)

Urban small

1.12 (1.05–1.18)

Urban midsize

1.22 (1.16–1.28)

Urban large

1.39 (1.32–1.46)

Pregnancy

No

1

Yes

1.88 (1.75–2.02)

Chronic morbditiesb

0

1

1

1.83 (1.77–1.90)

2

2.09 (2.01–2.18)

≥3

2.37 (2.26–2.48)

Renal diseaseb

No

1

Yes

1.87 (1.27–2.75)

Osteoporosisb

No

1

Yes

2.17 (2.02–2.32)

Epilepsyb

No

1

Yes

0.92 (0.75–1.14)

Hyperparathyroidismb

No

1

Yes

2.78 (1.64–4.72)

HIVb

No

1

Yes

1.66 (1.33–2.06)

Glucocorticoidsb

No

1

Yes

1.43 (1.34–1.53)

Vitamin D supplementationb

No

1

Yes

3.96 (3.81–4.11)

  1. CHF Swiss francs, GP General practitioner model, HMO Health Maintenance Organization, HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  2. abased on definitions of Federal Statistical Office
  3. bbased on pharmaceutical claims