From: Potentially inappropriate testing for vitamin D deficiency: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland
Variable | Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 1 |
Male | 0.56 (0.55–0.58) | |
Age group in years | 19–40 | 1 |
41–60 | 1.30 (1.25–1.34) | |
61–80 | 1.20 (1.15–1.24) | |
81+ | 0.75 (0.71–0.80) | |
Deductible class in CHF | 300 | 1 |
500 | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | |
1000 | 0.71 (0.67–0.76) | |
1500 | 0.57 (0.55–0.60) | |
2000 | 0.51 (0.48–0.55) | |
2500 | 0.46 (0.44–0.48) | |
Health plan | Unrestricted access | 1 |
Gatekeeping by GP | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | |
Gatekeeping by telemedical provider | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | |
HMO | 0.86 (0.83–0.89) | |
Supplementary insurance coverage | No | 1 |
Yes | 1.21 (1.18–1.24) | |
Geographic region | Eastern | 1 |
Central | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) | |
Mittelland | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | |
Northwestern | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | |
Western | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) | |
Zurich | 1.00 (0.96–1.06) | |
Urbanity levelsa | Rural | 1 |
Peri-urban | 1.11 (1.05–1.16) | |
Urban small | 1.12 (1.05–1.18) | |
Urban midsize | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | |
Urban large | 1.39 (1.32–1.46) | |
Pregnancy | No | 1 |
Yes | 1.88 (1.75–2.02) | |
Chronic morbditiesb | 0 | 1 |
1 | 1.83 (1.77–1.90) | |
2 | 2.09 (2.01–2.18) | |
≥3 | 2.37 (2.26–2.48) | |
Renal diseaseb | No | 1 |
Yes | 1.87 (1.27–2.75) | |
Osteoporosisb | No | 1 |
Yes | 2.17 (2.02–2.32) | |
Epilepsyb | No | 1 |
Yes | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | |
Hyperparathyroidismb | No | 1 |
Yes | 2.78 (1.64–4.72) | |
HIVb | No | 1 |
Yes | 1.66 (1.33–2.06) | |
Glucocorticoidsb | No | 1 |
Yes | 1.43 (1.34–1.53) | |
Vitamin D supplementationb | No | 1 |
Yes | 3.96 (3.81–4.11) |