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Table 1 Characteristics of population in 2018, stratified by lab testing for vitamin D level

From: Potentially inappropriate testing for vitamin D deficiency: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland

  

Population not tested for vitamin D level (N = 157,073)

Population tested for vitamin D level (N = 38,384)

Variable

 

Percentage (95% confidence interval)

Percentage (95% confidence interval)

Gender

Male

50.9 (50.7–51.2)

32.4 (32.0–32.9)

Age group in years

19–40

37.6 (37.3–37.8)

22.6 (22.1–23.0)

41–60

36.6 (36.3–36.8)

35.0 (34.5–35.5)

61–80

20.8 (20.6–21.0)

33.5 (33.0–33.9)

81+

5.0 (4.9–5.1)

9.0 (8.7–9.3)

Deductible class in CHF

300

39.4 (39.2–39.6)

59.7 (59.2–60.2)

500

12.4 (12.3–12.6)

17.0 (16.6–17.4)

1000

5.6 (5.4–5.7)

4.3 (4.1–4.5)

1500

10.1 (10.0–10.3)

5.5 (5.3–5.7)

2000

5.4 (5.2–5.5)

2.4 (2.3–2.6)

2500

27.1 (26.9–27.3)

11.0 (10.7–11.3)

Health plan

Unrestricted access

14.3 (14.1–14.5)

22.6 (22.2–23.0)

Gatekeeping by GP

25.4 (25.2–25.6)

26.1 (25.7–26.6)

Gatekeeping by telemedical provider

28.7 (28.5–29)

26.5 (26.1–27.0)

HMO

31.6 (31.3–31.8)

24.7 (24.3–25.2)

Supplementary insurance coverage

Yes

24.2 (24.0–24.4)

29.6 (29.1–30.0)

Geographic region

Eastern

14.6 (14.4–14.8)

11.9 (11.5–12.2)

Central

9.8 (9.6–9.9)

9.0 (8.7–9.3)

Mittelland

22.3 (22.1–22.5)

21.6 (21.2–22.0)

Northwest

13.7 (13.5–13.9)

14.3 (13.9–14.6)

Western

21.6 (21.4–21.8)

25.4 (25.0–25.9)

Zurich

18.0 (17.8–18.2)

17.8 (17.4–18.2)

Urbanity levelsa

Rural

10.5 (10.3–10.6)

8.5 (8.2–8.8)

Peri-urban

22.1 (21.9–22.3)

19.3 (18.9–19.7)

Urban small

8.8 (8.7–9.0)

8.4 (8.1–8.6)

Urban midsize

27.8 (27.6–28.1)

27.1 (26.7–27.6)

Urban large

30.8 (30.5–31.0)

36.7 (36.2–37.2)

Pregnancy

Yes

2.4 (2.3–2.4)

3.2 (3.1–3.4)

Chronic morbiditiesb

0

74.2 (74.0–74.4)

47.7 (47.2–48.2)

1

13.6 (13.4–13.7)

22.5 (22.1–23.0)

2

7.2 (7.1–7.3)

15.4 (15.0–15.7)

≥3

5.0 (4.9–5.1)

14.5 (14.1–14.8)

Renal diseaseb

Yes

0.03 (0.02–0.04)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

Osteoporosisb

Yes

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

6.8 (6.5–7.0)

Epilepsyb

Yes

0.2 (0.2–0.2)

0.4 (0.3–0.4)

Hyperparathyroidismb

Yes

0.01 (0.01–0.02)

0.2 (0.1–0.2)

HIVb

Yes

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

0.4 (0.4–0.5)

Glucocorticoidsb

Yes

1.7 (1.7–1.8)

5.1 (4.9–5.3)

Vitamin D supplementationb

Yes

4.0 (3.9–4.1)

23.6 (23.2–24.0)

  1. CHF Swiss francs, GP General practitioner, HMO Health Maintenance Organization, HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  2. abased on definitions of Federal Statistical Office
  3. bbased on pharmaceutical claims