From: Potentially inappropriate testing for vitamin D deficiency: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland
Population not tested for vitamin D level (N = 157,073) | Population tested for vitamin D level (N = 38,384) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | Percentage (95% confidence interval) | Percentage (95% confidence interval) | |
Gender | Male | 50.9 (50.7–51.2) | 32.4 (32.0–32.9) |
Age group in years | 19–40 | 37.6 (37.3–37.8) | 22.6 (22.1–23.0) |
41–60 | 36.6 (36.3–36.8) | 35.0 (34.5–35.5) | |
61–80 | 20.8 (20.6–21.0) | 33.5 (33.0–33.9) | |
81+ | 5.0 (4.9–5.1) | 9.0 (8.7–9.3) | |
Deductible class in CHF | 300 | 39.4 (39.2–39.6) | 59.7 (59.2–60.2) |
500 | 12.4 (12.3–12.6) | 17.0 (16.6–17.4) | |
1000 | 5.6 (5.4–5.7) | 4.3 (4.1–4.5) | |
1500 | 10.1 (10.0–10.3) | 5.5 (5.3–5.7) | |
2000 | 5.4 (5.2–5.5) | 2.4 (2.3–2.6) | |
2500 | 27.1 (26.9–27.3) | 11.0 (10.7–11.3) | |
Health plan | Unrestricted access | 14.3 (14.1–14.5) | 22.6 (22.2–23.0) |
Gatekeeping by GP | 25.4 (25.2–25.6) | 26.1 (25.7–26.6) | |
Gatekeeping by telemedical provider | 28.7 (28.5–29) | 26.5 (26.1–27.0) | |
HMO | 31.6 (31.3–31.8) | 24.7 (24.3–25.2) | |
Supplementary insurance coverage | Yes | 24.2 (24.0–24.4) | 29.6 (29.1–30.0) |
Geographic region | Eastern | 14.6 (14.4–14.8) | 11.9 (11.5–12.2) |
Central | 9.8 (9.6–9.9) | 9.0 (8.7–9.3) | |
Mittelland | 22.3 (22.1–22.5) | 21.6 (21.2–22.0) | |
Northwest | 13.7 (13.5–13.9) | 14.3 (13.9–14.6) | |
Western | 21.6 (21.4–21.8) | 25.4 (25.0–25.9) | |
Zurich | 18.0 (17.8–18.2) | 17.8 (17.4–18.2) | |
Urbanity levelsa | Rural | 10.5 (10.3–10.6) | 8.5 (8.2–8.8) |
Peri-urban | 22.1 (21.9–22.3) | 19.3 (18.9–19.7) | |
Urban small | 8.8 (8.7–9.0) | 8.4 (8.1–8.6) | |
Urban midsize | 27.8 (27.6–28.1) | 27.1 (26.7–27.6) | |
Urban large | 30.8 (30.5–31.0) | 36.7 (36.2–37.2) | |
Pregnancy | Yes | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | 3.2 (3.1–3.4) |
Chronic morbiditiesb | 0 | 74.2 (74.0–74.4) | 47.7 (47.2–48.2) |
1 | 13.6 (13.4–13.7) | 22.5 (22.1–23.0) | |
2 | 7.2 (7.1–7.3) | 15.4 (15.0–15.7) | |
≥3 | 5.0 (4.9–5.1) | 14.5 (14.1–14.8) | |
Renal diseaseb | Yes | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | 0.3 (0.2–0.3) |
Osteoporosisb | Yes | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 6.8 (6.5–7.0) |
Epilepsyb | Yes | 0.2 (0.2–0.2) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) |
Hyperparathyroidismb | Yes | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) |
HIVb | Yes | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) |
Glucocorticoidsb | Yes | 1.7 (1.7–1.8) | 5.1 (4.9–5.3) |
Vitamin D supplementationb | Yes | 4.0 (3.9–4.1) | 23.6 (23.2–24.0) |