Table 6 The Relationship between public LTCI and private LTCI

1

Brown&Finkelstein (2008) [14]

AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW

USA

Qualitative research

This paper discussed the interaction of public and private LTCI

Although the private LTCI market in the United States is still developed, it can be a useful supplement to the public LTCI in the future

2

Yoshioka et al. (2010) [18]

GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL

Japan

Quantitative research

This study compared differences in the effect of the public care management agencies and private care management agencies on LTCI service use.

1.Public care management agencies favored younger subjects, male subjects and people with a higher need for care than private agencies. 2.The utilization of community-based long-term care service was significantly greater among beneficiaries managed by private agencies than those managed by public agencies. 3.Private care management agencies play an important role in promoting the use of care services, but their quality of care plans might be questionable.

3

Shen et al. (2014) [39]

SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE

China

Quantitative research

This paper explored long-term care insurance (LTCI) plans in China and the factors associated with each plan’s contribution rate.

Public LTCI may be more popular whether in terms of participation or contribution. Policymakers should develop public LTCI as a solid foundation and improve private LTCI as a substitute to meet the urgent LTC needs in China.

4

Cremer&Pestieau (2014) [41]

INTERNATIONAL TAX AND PUBLIC FINANCE

Belgium

Quantitative research

This paper study the role of social long-term care (LTC) insurance when income taxation and private insurance markets are imperfect.

First, whereas in the linear case a subsidy of private LTC insurance is desirable, it is not in the nonlinear case (at least at the margin). Second, the desirability of public provision of LTC services depends on the way the income tax is restricted.

5

Costa-Font&Courbage (2015) [44]

HEALTH ECONOMICS

European

Quantitative research

This paper aims to study the motivational crowding-out hypothesis “public sector funding’ and family support’ crowd out individual incentives to seek insurance” by developing a theoretical model and representative European survey data.

The theoretical model predicts that, when informal care is treated as exogenously determined, expectations of both state support and informal care can potentially crowd out LTC insurance expectations. But no robust evidence of public sector crowding out.

6

Schmitz&Giese (2019) [61]

GENERATIONS-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY ON AGING

USA

Qualitative research

This article lays out ways in which the public and private markets could work together to offer insurance coverage.

The combination of private and public LTCI can provide a way to plan and finance risks that require paid-for long-term care (LTC) services.