Leadership styles and leadership outcomes in nursing homes: a cross-sectional analysis

Table 3 Leadership styles of directors of nursing in nursing homes

Directors of Nursing	Mean (±SD) (CI 99.8%)	ERS	Sample	Correlations								Cronbach’s alpha
Directors of Nursing	Mean (±SD) (CI 99.8%)	ERS	Sample	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	Cronbach’s alpha
Transformational
(1) Idealized influence: attributed	2.36^< (±0.62) (2.10–2.63)	2.77	57									0.42
(2) Idealized influence: behavior	2.77 (±0.65) (2.49–3.04)	2.73	58	0.59**								0.74
(3) Inspirational motivation	2.85 (±0.66) (2.57–3.14)	2.68	57	0.67**	0.76**							0.86
(4) Intellectual stimulation	2.62 (±0.58) (2.37–2.87)	2.74	56	0.49**	0.68**	0.66**						0.73
(5) Individual consideration	2.31^< (±0.73) (1.99–2.62)	2.75	57	0.66**	0.50**	0.58**	0.48**					0.60
Transactional
(6) Contingent Reward	2.77 (±0.69) (2.48–3.06)	2.90	58	0.66	0.64**	0.71**	0.71**	0.55**				0.75
(7) Management by exception: active	2.30 (±0.57) (2.05–2.54)	2.31	58	0.37**	0.39**	0.26	0.26	0.15	0.32*			0.06
Passive/avoidant
(8) Management by exception: passive	1.56^> (±0.66) (1.28–1.84)	1.16	57	−0.31*	−0.23	−0.39**	−0.31*	−0.36**	−0.39**	0.19		0.56
(9) Laissez-faire	1.20^> (±0.77) (0.87–1.53)	0.85	58	−0.45**	−0.50**	− 0.56**	−0.43**	− 0.48**	−0.53**	0.02	0.55**	0.75

Scores on subscales (1–9) have an available range between 0 and 4; CI Confidence Interval, ERS European Reference Scores; ^<: significant lower (p < 0.002) than ERS; ^>: significant higher (p < 0.002) than ERS; *correlation significant (p < 0.05); **correlation significant (p < 0.01)

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