Leadership styles and leadership outcomes in nursing homes: a cross-sectional analysis

Table 1 Leadership styles of head nurses in nursing homes

Head nurses	Mean (±SD) (CI 99.8%)	ERS	Sample	Correlations								Cronbach’s alpha
Head nurses	Mean (±SD) (CI 99.8%)	ERS	Sample	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	Cronbach’s alpha
Transformational
(1) Idealized influence: attributed	2.17^< (±0.67) (2.04–2.31)	2.72	234									0.48
(2) Idealized influence: behavior	2.62 (±0.72) (2.48–2.77)	2.69	233	0.58**								0.74
(3) Inspirational motivation	2.62^< (±0.79) (2.45–2.78)	2.83	233	0.63**	0.80**							0.86
(4) Intellectual stimulation	2.56^< (±0.69) (2.42–2.70)	2.82	234	0.62**	0.77**	0.77**						0.78
(5) Individual consideration	2.42^< (±0.76) (2.27–2.58)	2.66	234	0.61**	0.65**	0.64**	0.65**					0.65
Transactional
(6) Contingent Reward	2.57^< (±0.78) (2.41–2.73)	2.77	235	0.59**	0.79**	0.79**	0.76*	0.68**				0.81
(7) Management by exception: active	2.30 (±0.68) (2.16–2.44)	2.33	232	0.37**	0.33**	0.29**	0.25**	0.27**	0.30**			0.62
Passive/avoidant
(8) Management by exception: passive	1.29^> (±0.71) (1.15–1.44)	1.10	233	−0.25**	− 0.34**	− 0.38**	− 0.36**	−0.23**	− 0.31**	0.05		0.54
(9) Laissez-faire	1.13^> (±0.78) (0.97–1.29)	0.79	234	−0.25**	−0.44**	− 0.46**	−0.44*	− 0.39**	−0.39**	0.07	0.65**	0.74

Scores on subscales (1–9) have an available range between 0 and 4; CI Confidence Interval, ERS European Reference Scores; ^<: significant lower (p < 0.002) than ERS; ^>: significant higher (p < 0.002) than ERS; *correlation significant (p < 0.05); **correlation significant (p < 0.01)

ISSN: 1472-6963