Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of the heart failure population at index date 1st January 2015 according to the presence of type 2 diabetes
From: Costs and healthcare utilisation of patients with heart failure in Spain
No T2D (n = 11,348; 66.1%) | T2D (n = 5815; 33.9%) | Total HF (n = 17,163; 100%) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Biodemographic data | ||||
Age, years | 77.4 ± 12.6 | 77.2 ± 10.1 | 77.3 ± 11.8 | 0.236 |
≥ 85 years, n (%) | 6308 (55.6) | 2648 (45.5) | 8956 (52.2) | < 0.001 |
Gender, male, n (%) | 6052 (53.3) | 3135 (53.9) | 9187 (53.5) | 0,470 |
Body mass index, Kg/m2 | 28.1 (5.8) | 29.5 (6.0) | 28.6 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.7 ± 21.9 | 131.8 ± 22.6 | 129.8 ± 22.2 | < 0,001 |
Heart failure data | ||||
NYHA functional class, n (%) | ||||
I | 1321 (11,6) | 654 (11.3) | 1975 (11.5) | |
II | 5008 (44.1) | 2476 (42.6) | 7484 (43.6) | 0.001 |
III | 4068 (35.9) | 2135 (36.7) | 6203 (36.1) | |
IV | 395 (3.5) | 268 (4.6) | 663 (3.9) | |
Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 44.2 ± 10.6 | 41.5 ± 12.4 | 43.3 ± 11.3 | < 0.001 |
≤ 40%, n (%) | 5217 (51.0) | 2798 (53.1) | 8015 (51.7) | 0.012 |
> 40 - < 50%, n (%) | 801 (7.8) | 428 (8.1) | 1229 (7.9) | 0.012 |
≥ 50%, n (%) | 4217 (41.2) | 2039 (38.7) | 6256 (40.4) | 0.012 |
Laboratory data | ||||
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 76.1 ± 20.4 | 72.3 ± 20.4 | 74.8 ± 20.5 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | ||||
Ischemic heart disease | 2174 (19.1) | 1834 (31.5) | 4006 (23.3) | < 0.001 |
Myocardial infarction | 1350 (11.9) | 1126 (19.4) | 2466 (14.4) | < 0.001 |
CABG | 122 (1.1) | 132 (2.3) | 254 (1.5) | 0.001 |
PCI with stent | 285 (2.5) | 243 (4.2) | 528 (3.1) | < 0.001 |
Unstable angina | 414 (3.7) | 384 (6.6) | 798 (4.7) | < 0.001 |
Angina pectoris | 686 (6.1) | 493 (8.5) | 1179 (6.9) | < 0.001 |
Stroke | 1015 (8.9) | 622 (10.7) | 1637 (9.5) | < 0.001 |
Ischemic stroke | 779 (6.9) | 467 (8.0) | 1246 (7.3) | 0.005 |
Hemorrhagic stroke | 72 (0.6) | 28 (0.5) | 100 (0.6) | 0.213 |
Transitory ischemic attack | 256 (2.3) | 173 (3.0) | 429 (2.5) | 0.004 |
Atrial Fibrillation | 3339 (29.4) | 1805 (31.0) | 5144 (30.0) | 0.029 |
Peripheral artery disease | 500 (4.4) | 326 (5.6) | 826 (4.8) | 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 2819 (24.8) | 2236 (38.5) | 5055 (29.5) | < 0.001 |
Microvascular complications | 0 | 1810 (31.1) | 1810 (10.5) | < 0.001 |
Diabetic mono−/polyneuropathy | 0 | 380 (6.5) | 380 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
Diabetic eye complications | 0 | 1598 (27.5) | 1849 (10.8) | < 0.001 |
Diabetic foot/peripheral angiopathy | 0 | 251 (4.3) | 264 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
Diabetic kidney disease | 0 | 468 (8.1) | 521 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes with complications | 0 | 3207 (55.2) | 3452 (20.1) | < 0.001 |
Severe hypoglycemia | 0 | 461 (7.9) | 461 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
Other comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
Cancer | 1465 (12.9) | 733 (12.6) | 2198 (12.8) | 0.572 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1928 (17.0) | 1027 (17.7) | 2955 (17.2) | 0.270 |
Lower limb amputations | 37 (0.3) | 108 (1.9) | 145 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
Major organ specific bleeding | 111 (1.0) | 177 (3.0) | 288 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
Therapies | ||||
Heart failure medications, n (%) | 11,348 (100) | 5815 (100) | 17,163 (100) | – |
Renin angiotensin system inhibitors | 6973 (61.5) | 4452 (76.6) | 11,425 (66.6) | < 0.001 |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 3354 (29.6) | 1986 (34.2) | 5340 (31.1) | < 0.001 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 3619 (31.9) | 2466 (42.4) | 6085 (35.5) | < 0.001 |
Beta blockers | 7509 (66.2) | 4218 (72.5) | 11,727 (68.3) | < 0.001 |
Loop-diuretics | 7416 (65.4) | 4645 (79.9) | 12,061 (70.3) | < 0.001 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 3424 (30.2) | 1728 (29.7) | 5152 (30.0) | 0.537 |
Sacubitril/valsartan | 987 (8.7) | 477 (8.2) | 1464 (8.5) | 0.272 |
Digoxin | 799 (7.0) | 398 (6.8) | 1197 (7.0) | 0.632 |
Other cardiovascular medications, n (%) | ||||
Low dose aspirin | 3017 (26.6) | 2037 (35.0) | 5054 (29.5) | < 0.001 |
Receptor P2Y12 antagonists | 1177 (10.4) | 634 (10.9) | 1811 (10.6) | 0.284 |
Statins | 5928 (52.2) | 3238 (55.7) | 9166 (53.4) | < 0.001 |
Antihypertensives | 2415 (21.3) | 1478 (25.4) | 3893 (22.7) | < 0.001 |
Dihydropyridines CCB | 1564 (13.8) | 1027 (17.7) | 2591 (15.1) | < 0.001 |
Thiazides | 520 (4,6) | 268 (4,6) | 788 (4.6) | 0,938 |
Non-hydropyridines CCB | 504 (4,4) | 290 (5,0) | 794 (4.6) | 0,107 |
Nitrates | 1169 (10,3) | 788 (13,6) | 1957 (11,4) | < 0,001 |
Warfarin | 2438 (21,5) | 1464 (25,2) | 3902 (22,7) | < 0,001 |
Diabetes medications, n (%) | 0 | 5383 (92.6) | 5383 (31.4) | < 0.001 |
Metformin | 0 | 3862 (66.4) | 3862 (22.5) | < 0.001 |
Sulfonylurea | 0 | 1952 (33.6) | 1952 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
DPP4 inhibitors | 0 | 1416 (24.4) | 1416 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
SGLT-2 inhibitors | 1 (0%) | 2 (0) | 3 (0) | < 0.001 |
GLP-1 receptor agonists | 0 | 57 (1.0) | 57 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
Metiglinides | 0 | 319 (5.5) | 319 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
Glitazones | 0 | 57 (1.0) | 57 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
Acarbose | 0 | 88 (1.5) | 88 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
Insulin | 0 | 1367 (23.5) | 1367 (8.0) | < 0.001 |