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Table 5 The effect of changes in distance to nearest health facility on under-5 mortality, categorical distance

From: The effects of changes in distance to nearest health facility on under-5 mortality and health care utilization in rural Malawi, 1980–1998

Variables

(1) U5M

adj. p-value

(2) U5M

adj. p-value

(3) U5M

adj. p-value

> 10 km to 5-10 km

0.861 (0.671–1.106)

0.49

1.072 (0.828–1.387)

0.82

1.084 (0.837–1.405)

0.70

> 10 km to 2-5 km

1.061 (0.727–1.550)

0.91

1.314 (0.892–1.936)

0.50

1.354 (0.914–2.007)

0.39

> 10 km to < 2 km

0.818 (0.412–1.626)

0.85

1.007 (0.502–2.017)

0.99

0.922 (0.461–1.846)

0.82

5-10 km to 2-5 km

0.625*** (0.485–0.806)

0.002

0.809 (0.621–1.054)

0.50

0.789 (0.604–1.029)

0.39

5-10 km to < 2 km

0.701 (0.466–1.054)

0.26

0.917 (0.605–1.390)

0.82

0.891 (0.588–1.351)

0.70

2-5 km to < 2 km

0.981 (0.485–1.984)

0.96

1.253 (0.615–2.555)

0.82

1.336 (0.660–2.705)

0.70

First birth

    

1.011 (0.918–1.114)

 

Twin

    

3.050*** (2.691–3.457)

 

Mother under 19

    

1.389*** (1.264–1.527)

 

Mother over 35

    

0.995 (0.889–1.114)

 

Mother primary ed.

    

0.865*** (0.804–0.931)

 

Mother secondary ed.

    

0.452*** (0.283–0.720)

 

Year dummies?

NO

 

YES

 

YES

 

Month dummies?

NO

 

YES

 

YES

 

Total children

18,714

 

18,714

 

18,714

 

Total deaths

3887

 

3887

 

3887

 

Total child-months

737,547

 

737,547

 

737,547

 
  1. ***p < 0.01
  2. Notes: Hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazards models, with baseline hazard stratified by village of birth (n = 449) The reference category for mother’s education is ‘less than primary’, and for mother’s age is ‘19–35 years old’