The effects of changes in distance to nearest health facility on under-5 mortality and health care utilization in rural Malawi, 1980–1998

Table 4 The effect of changes in distance to nearest health facility on under-5 mortality, linear distance

Variables	(1) U5M	(2) U5M	(3) U5M	(4) U5M
Distance (km)	1.013* (1.000–1.025)	0.994 (0.981–1.007)	0.994 (0.981–1.007)	0.994 (0.981–1.007)
First birth				1.011 (0.918–1.113)
Twin				3.038*** (2.680–3.443)
Mother under 19				1.389*** (1.263–1.526)
Mother over 35				0.995 (0.888–1.113)
Mother has primary education				0.865*** (0.804–0.931)
Mother has secondary education				0.453*** (0.284–0.722)
Year dummies?	NO	YES	YES	YES
Month dummies?	NO	NO	YES	YES
Total children	18,714	18,714	18,714	18,714
Total deaths	3887	3887	3887	3887
Total child-months	737,547	737,547	737,547	737,547

*p < 0.1
***p < 0.01
Notes: Hazard ratios (HR) from Cox proportional hazards models, with baseline hazard stratified by village of birth (n = 449) The coefficient on the distance variable represents the HR for a one-kilometer increase in distance. The reference category for mother’s education is ‘less than primary’, and for mother’s age is ‘19–35 years old’

ISSN: 1472-6963